{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:37:44Z","timestamp":1760575064337,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]],"date-time":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4577,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A white spirit\/naphtha, three kerosines, two gas oils and a catalytically cracked light cycle oil (LCO) were applied topically to mice, three times a week for up to 6 weeks, and skin changes were examined histopathologically at intervals.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The changes within 1 week of treatment appeared to depend on the effect that the physicochemical properties of each type of product had on their penetration through the skin surface or via hair follicles. With white spirit the most prominent change was widespread epidermal necrosis occurring after the second treatment, implying that the lowest boiling point materials penetrate mainly through the surface epidermis. The earliest effects with kerosines were within and around hair follicles with epidermal degeneration developing later, suggesting a predominance of follicular entry. Gas oils and LCO produced similar changes to kerosines within 1 week, gas oils producing a slower and less severe response and LCO a more severe response. In skin examined after 1\u20136 weeks of treatment with all middle distillates, repeated cycles of necrosis and healing responses were evident; this implied that once the epidermal barrier layer had been damaged, follicular entry became less important.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The severity of the skin changes observed with these middle distillates was probably sufficient for skin tumours to arise by a non\u2010genotoxic mechanism if a similar treatment regime was used in a long\u2010term skin painting study. A method of avoiding excessive skin irritation is therefore essential in such a study in order to obtain a reliable prediction of the human hazard of such materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550130407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,16]],"date-time":"2006-10-16T03:41:29Z","timestamp":1160970089000},"page":"247-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The early changes in mouse skin following topical application of a range of middle distillate oil products"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"A. J.","family":"Ingram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. J.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Sharratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Skin cancer in the engineering industry from the use of mineral oil","volume":"7","author":"Cruikshank C. N. D.","year":"1950","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"first-page":"87","volume-title":"Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds. Part 2. Carbon Blacks, Mineral Oils and Some Nitrosamines","author":"IARC","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"MRC Report The Carcinogenic Action of Oils: A Chemical and Biological Study Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 306. H M. Stationery Office London (1968)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432496"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"185","volume-title":"The Toxicology of Petroleum Hydrocarbons","author":"Lewis S. C.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(88)90222-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(89)90006-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(91)90066-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/jcr.1925.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"413","article-title":"The tumour\u2010promoting action of phenol and related compounds for mouse skin","volume":"19","author":"Boutwell R. K.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1957.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1983.209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(88)90252-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/205813b0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","series-title":"Publication no. 31\u201031352","volume-title":"Dermal Sensitization Study in Guinea Pig, Closed Patch Technique: Hydrodesulphurized Middle Distillate API Sample 81\u201009","author":"API","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","series-title":"Publication no. 32\u201032857","volume-title":"Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats, Acute Dermal Toxicity in Rabbits, Primary Dermal Irritation Study in Rabbits, Primary Eye Irritation Study in Rabbits, Dermal Sensitization Study in Guinea Pigs: API 83\u201011, Straight Run Middle Distillate (CAS 64741\u201044\u20132)","author":"API","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","series-title":"Publication no. 32\u201032859","volume-title":"Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats, Acute Dermal Toxicity Study in Rabbits, Primary Dermal Irritation Study in Rabbits, Primary Eye Irritation Study in Rabbits, Dermal Sensitization Study in Guinea Pigs: API 83\u201008, Light Catalytically Cracked Distillate (CAS 64741\u201059\u20139)","author":"API","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/4.6.407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1985.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Comparative studies on the irritancy of oils and synthetic perfumes to the skin of rabbit, guinea pig, rat, miniature swine and man","volume":"94","author":"Motoyoshi K.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cosmet. Toilet."}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjat.2550130407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.2550130407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:35:11Z","timestamp":1760524511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jat.2550130407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jat.2550130407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.2550130407","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-437X","1099-1263"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0260-437X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-1263"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]}}}