{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T23:11:12Z","timestamp":1785712272630,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]],"date-time":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4334,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many publications, primarily of work performed in Japan, report findings in human populations of an increased incidence of myopia and of a more advanced visual disease syndrome (Saku disease), which reportedly correlated with increasing use of organophosphate pesticides in agriculture. Follow\u2010up studies in animals performed in Japan using such agents as ethylthiometon, fenthion and fenitrothion demonstrate adverse effects of organophosphates on the visual system. The several ocular effects in question are dose dependent, ranging in severity from lenticular and electro\u2010retinographic changes to the seemingly more serious histophysiological changes in such tissues as the ciliary body and retina. An important question arising from this work is that of the role of cholinesterase inhibition in the etiology of the effects.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Studies currently in progress on particular organophosphates being conducted at EPA's research facility and by certain registrants of pesticides, which are in various stages of completion, appear to be substantiating much that has been reported in Japan. While animal studies clearly show that some organophosphates elicit ocular toxicity, there are many knowledge gaps with regard to effects in humans and the ocular toxicity in general, e.g. time and dose dependency, cholinesterase inhibition vs ocular effects and effects of routes of exposure. Consequently, the office is unable at this time to incorporate hazard assessment data with exposure assessment data or to perform risk assessments on organophosphates based on the ocular toxicity potential of this class of chemicals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550140214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,14]],"date-time":"2006-10-14T12:50:25Z","timestamp":1160830225000},"page":"119-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Ocular effects of organophosphates: A historical perspective of saku disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Dementi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Neurotoxicity of the Visual System","author":"Ishikawa S.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"1835","article-title":"Chronic optico\u2010neuropathy due to environmental exposure of organophosphate pesticides (Saku disease) \u2014 clinical and experimental study","volume":"77","author":"Ishikawa S.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Sasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"250","article-title":"Organophosphorus pesticides as a cause of myopia in school children: an epidemiological study","volume":"19","author":"Tamura O.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Jpn. 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Adult cases","volume":"75","author":"Oto K.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"237","article-title":"Long\u2010term follow\u2010up of chronic organophosphate pesticide intoxication (Saku disease) with special reference to retinal pigmentary degeneration","volume":"78","author":"Ohto K.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718500400204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408447809029332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"Health survey of pest control operators exposed to mildly poisonous organophosphorus pesticides","volume":"49","author":"Mitsumi J.","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Kurnamoto Med. Soc. 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