{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T19:50:31Z","timestamp":1770321031840,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]],"date-time":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4334,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to anticholinesterase pesticides has been associated with the development of ocular toxicity in humans and animals, ranging from blurred vision to degeneration of the optic nerve. Based on the concern for human safety, the US Environmental Protection Agency has recently required additional studies for this class of compounds, focusing on biochemical, functional and histopathological evaluation of the ocular system. This study was designed to determine the effects on the eye of ethyl parathion, a highly toxic organophosphate, when administered orally to 30 beagle dogs (five of each sex per group) at doses of 2.4, 7.9 or 794 \u03bcg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for 6 months. Control animals received corn oil. Routine ophthalmoscopic and slit lamp examinations, refraction and intraocular pressure determinations and electroretinograms were performed as functional assessments at various intervals over the study. Plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase were determined at weeks 1, 6, 14, 20 and 26, while brain, retinal and ocular muscle cholinesterase were measured at week 26 only. Histopathological examination of the retina, optic nerve, ocular muscle and ciliary body was conducted at termination.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase was markedly depressed at 7.9 and 794 \u03bcg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> as early as week 1. Retinal cholinesterase was decreased (37\u201355%) from control values in the 794 \u03bcg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> group only. Ocular muscle cholinesterase was comparable in treated and control groups at termination. No functional impairment of the eye was noted over the 6\u2010month study. Based on refractive indices, intraocular pressure and evaluation of electroretinograms, it was concluded that administration of ethyl parathion at doses up to 794 \u03b3g kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for 6 months does not produce functional or histopathological changes indicative of ocular toxicity. Cholinesterase inhibition, observed early in the study, does not appear to be related to the development of ocular toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550140217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,14]],"date-time":"2006-10-14T12:50:25Z","timestamp":1160830225000},"page":"145-152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Assessment of ocular toxicity in dogs during 6 months' exposure to a potent organophosphate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"John E.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry F.","family":"Bolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lionel F.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meena","family":"Sonawane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"580","volume-title":"Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons","author":"Ecobichon D. 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Residue properties in the rat after one\u2010time administration of baytex (low toxicity organophosphorus agent) (especially ERG changes and changes over time in serum, liver, retina cholinesterase activity)","volume":"79","author":"Imai H.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Toxicity of organophosphorus pesticide (fenthion) on the retina electroretinographic and biochemical study","volume":"82","author":"Imai H.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"28","article-title":"Retinal disorders rats due to single administration of organophosphorus agricultural chemicals","volume":"86","author":"Imai H.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Igaku No Ayumi"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_3","first-page":"611","volume":"6","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pestic. 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