{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T22:27:45Z","timestamp":1785709665607,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]],"date-time":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3785,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are generated during aircraft interior fires in sufficient amounts to incapacitate cabin occupants. For typical post\u2010crash and in\u2010flight fires, minimum protection periods of 5 and 35 min, respectively, have been suggested for breathing devices to protect the occupants from smoke. Relationships of blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and cyanide (CN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) levels to incapacitation have not been well defined for these gases. Therefore, time to incapacitation (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) and blood COHb and CN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> at incapacitation were examined in rats exposed to CO (5706 ppm for 5\u2010min <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>; 1902 ppm for 35\u2010min <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>), HCN (184 ppm for 5\u2010min <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>; 64 ppm for 35\u2010min <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) and their mixtures (equipotent concentrations of each gas that produced 5\u2010 and 35\u2010min <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>). Blood CO and HCN uptakes were evaluated at the two concentrations of each gas. With either gas, variation in <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> was higher for the 35\u2010min <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> than the 5\u2010min <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>. The COHb level reached a plateau prior to incapacitation at both CO concentrations, and COHb levels at the 5\u2010 and 35\u2010min <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> were different from each other. Blood CN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> increased as a function of both HCN concentration and exposure time, but CN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> at the 5\u2010min <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> was half of the 35\u2010min <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> CN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> level. The HCN uptake at the high concentration was about three times that at the low concentration. In the high concentration CO\u2013HCN mixture, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> was shortened from 5 to 2.6 min; COHb dropped from 81 to 55% and blood CN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> from 2.3 to 1.1 \u03bcg ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. At the low\u2010concentration CO\u2013HCN mixture, where <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> was reduced from 35 to 11.1 min, COHb decreased from 71 to 61% and blood CN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> from 4.2 to 1.1 \u03bcg ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Any alteration in the uptake of either gas by the presence of the other was minimal. Our findings suggest that specific levels of blood COHb and CN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> cannot be correlated directly with the incapacitation onset and that post\u2010mortem blood COHb and CN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> levels should be evaluated carefully in fire victims.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550150504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,17]],"date-time":"2006-10-17T13:52:59Z","timestamp":1161093179000},"page":"357-363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Exposures to carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and their mixtures: Interrelationship between gas exposure concentration, time to incapacitation, carboxyhemoglobin and blood cyanide in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Arvind K.","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald C.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyd R.","family":"Endecott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxane M.","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"C. R.Crane Inflight aircraft fires: toxicological aspects. Panel presentation at the Aerospace Medical Association Scientific Meeting 7 May 1984 San Diego CA (1984)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"EUROCAE Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Passenger Protective Breathing Equipment EUROCAE Document No. ED\u201065. The European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment Paris France (1991)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Advances in Combustion Toxicology","author":"Hartzell G. E.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Combustion Toxicology","author":"Gad S. C.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13018J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"S.Veronneau J. K.Ribe L.Sathyavagiswaran I.LewisandJ.Muto Lessons learned from the 1991 USAir\/Sky West collision at LAX. Presented at the44th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 17\u201322 February 1992 New Orleans LA (1992)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","unstructured":"C. R.Crane D. C.SandersandB. R.Endecott Inhalation Toxicology: IX. Times\u2010to\u2010Incapacitation for Rats Exposed to Carbon Monoxide Alone to Hydrogen Cyanide Alone and to Mixtures of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Cyanide Publication No. DOT\/FAA\/AM\u201089\/4. US Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aviation Medicine Washington DC (1989)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"870","article-title":"Comparison of toxicity rankings of six aircraft cabin polymers by lethality and by incapacitation in rats","volume":"63","author":"Sanders D. C.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. 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