{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:57:57Z","timestamp":1768093077655,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,10]],"date-time":"2012-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Food shortages and a lack of food supply regulation in developing countries often leads to chronic exposure of vulnerable populations to hazardous mixtures of mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) and fumonisin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>). A refined calcium montmorillonite clay [i.e. uniform particle size NovaSil (UPSN)] has been reported to tightly bind these toxins, thereby decreasing bioavailability in humans and animals. Hence, our objectives in the present study were to examine the ability of UPSN to bind mixtures of AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> at gastrointestinally relevant pH <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, and to utilize a rapid <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> bioassay to evaluate AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> toxicity and UPSN efficacy. Isothermal sorption data indicated tight AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> binding to UPSN surfaces at both pH 2.0 and 6.5, but substantially more FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> bound at pH 2.0 than 6.5. Site\u2010specific competition occurred between the toxins when exposed to UPSN in combination. Importantly, treatment with UPSN resulted in significant protection to mycotoxin\u2010exposed hydra maintained at pH 6.9\u20137.0. Hydra were exposed to FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> combinations with and without UPSN. A toxic response over 92 h was rated based on morphology and mortality. Hydra assay results indicated a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 20 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> for AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, whereas the MEC for FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> was not reached. The MEC for co\u2010exposure was 400 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> FB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u200910 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>. This study demonstrates that UPSN sorbs both mycotoxins tightly at physiologically relevant pH levels, resulting in decreased bioavailability, and that a modified hydra bioassay can be used as an initial screen <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> to predict efficacy of toxin\u2010binding agents. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,10]],"date-time":"2012-10-10T06:18:03Z","timestamp":1349849883000},"page":"40-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Modified hydra bioassay to evaluate the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins and predict the detoxification efficacy of a clay\u2010based sorbent"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"K. 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