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Some environmental chemicals, acting as haptens, can bind to a high\u2010molecular\u2010weight carrier protein such as human serum albumin (HSA), causing the immune system to misidentify self\u2010tissue as an invader and launch an immune response against it, leading to autoimmunity. This study aimed to examine the percentage of blood samples from healthy donors in which chemical agents mounted immune challenges and produced antibodies against HSA\u2010bound chemicals. The levels of specific antibodies against 12 different chemicals bound to HSA were measured by ELISA in serum from 400 blood donors. We found that 10% (IgG) and 17% (IgM) of tested individuals showed significant antibody elevation against aflatoxin\u2010HSA adduct. The percentage of elevation against the other 11 chemicals ranged from 8% to 22% (IgG) and 13% to 18% (IgM). Performance of serial dilution and inhibition of the chemical\u2013antibody reaction by specific antigens but not by non\u2010specific antigens were indicative of the specificity of these antibodies. Although we lack information about chemical exposure in the tested individuals, detection of antibodies against various protein adducts may indicate chronic exposure to these chemical haptens in about 20% of the tested individuals. Currently the pathological significance of these antibodies in human blood is still unclear, and this protein adduct formation could be one of the mechanisms by which environmental chemicals induce autoimmune reactivity in a significant percentage of the population. Copyright \u00a9 2014. The Authors. Journal of Applied Toxicology Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,18]],"date-time":"2014-07-18T05:48:27Z","timestamp":1405662507000},"page":"383-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Elevated levels of antibodies against xenobiotics in a subgroup of healthy subjects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Aristo","family":"Vojdani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunosciences Lab., Inc.  822\u2009S. Robertson Blvd., Ste. 312 Los Angeles CA 90035 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Datis","family":"Kharrazian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Bastyr University California  4106 Sorrento Valley Blvd San Diego CA 92121 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Partha Sarathi","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics Boise State University  1910 University Dr. Boise ID 83725 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2005.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"844","article-title":"Development of a simple enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay for quantitative estimation of aflatoxin B1 albumin adduct in humans","volume":"101","author":"Anitha S","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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