{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T18:35:27Z","timestamp":1789929327210,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]],"date-time":"2015-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000396","name":"Technology Strategy Board","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["720110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["720110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sensitization to chemicals resulting in an allergy is an important health issue. The current gold\u2010standard method for identification and characterization of skin\u2010sensitizing chemicals was the mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA). However, for a number of reasons there has been an increasing imperative to develop alternative approaches to hazard identification that do not require the use of animals. Here we describe a human <jats:italic>in\u2010vitro<\/jats:italic> skin explant test for identification of sensitization hazards and the assessment of relative skin sensitizing potency. This method measures histological damage in human skin as a readout of the immune response induced by the test material. Using this approach we have measured responses to 44 chemicals including skin sensitizers, pre\/pro\u2010haptens, respiratory sensitizers, non\u2010sensitizing chemicals (including skin\u2010irritants) and previously misclassified compounds. Based on comparisons with the LLNA, the skin explant test gave 95% specificity, 95% sensitivity, 95% concordance with a correlation coefficient of 0.9. The same specificity and sensitivity were achieved for comparison of results with published human sensitization data with a correlation coefficient of 0.91. The test also successfully identified nickel sulphate as a human skin sensitizer, which was misclassified as negative in the LLNA. In addition, sensitizers and non\u2010sensitizers identified as positive or negative by the skin explant test have induced high\/low T cell proliferation and IFN\u03b3 production, respectively. Collectively, the data suggests the human <jats:italic>in\u2010vitro<\/jats:italic> skin explant test could provide the basis for a novel approach for characterization of the sensitizing activity as a first step in the risk assessment process. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]],"date-time":"2015-08-07T08:39:12Z","timestamp":1438936752000},"page":"669-684","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["An <i>in vitro<\/i> human skin test for assessing sensitization potential"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9213-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. S.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcyomics Ltd, Bulman House Regent Centre, Gosforth  Newcastle\u2010upon\u2010Tyne NE3 3LS UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X. 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