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However, there are no studies on the role of benzo[<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>]pyrene (BaP), an environmental toxicant, in the incidence of PTB. We first assessed the effects of BaP (150 and 300 \u00b5g kg<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> body weight) dosed via gavage from day 14 to 17 of pregnancy on gestation length in Long Evans rats. We further assessed the histopathology of the uterus, expression of inflammatory cytokines, contractile\u2010associated factors, histone deacetylases (HDACs) and NF\u049bB\u2010p65 in myometrium collected on day 22 postpartum versus vehicle\u2010treated controls. In our study, rats exposed to BaP delivered prematurely (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) compared to control. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of uterus showed squamous metaplasia, glandular and stromal hyperplasia in BaP\u2010exposed rats versus control. The concentrations of BaP metabolites measured by high\u2010pressure liquid chromatography were higher in uterine myometrium of BaP\u2010exposed rats while they were undetectable in controls. Quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction showed significant increases in mRNA expression of interleukin\u20101\u03b2 and \u20108, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, connexin 43, cyclo\u2010oxygenase\u20102 and prostaglandin F<jats:sub>2\u03b1<\/jats:sub> receptor as compared to controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Western blot analysis revealed that BaP exposure caused decreases in class I HDACs 1 and 3 and increases in class II HDAC 5, cyclo\u2010oxygenase\u20102 and nuclear translocation of NF\u03baB\u2010p65 relative to controls. Our results suggest that gestational exposure to BaP increases incidence of PTB through epigenetic changes that causes increases in the expression of contractile\u2010associated factors through the NF\u03baB pathway. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,11]],"date-time":"2015-09-11T02:53:01Z","timestamp":1441939981000},"page":"827-835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Altered expression of histone deacetylases, inflammatory cytokines and contractile\u2010associated factors in uterine myometrium of Long Evans rats gestationally exposed to benzo[<i>a<\/i>]pyrene"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Archana","family":"Laknaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Georgia Regents University  Augusta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terri\u2010Lee","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Women's Health Research Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Meharry Medical College  Nashville TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley E.","family":"Bobb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Women's Health Research Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Meharry Medical College  Nashville TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aramandla","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry &amp; Cancer Biology Meharry Medical College  Nashville TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gwinnett M.","family":"Ladson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Women's Health Research Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Meharry Medical College  Nashville TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darryl B.","family":"Hood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences College of Public Health and Department of Neuroscience College of Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Al\u2010Hendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Georgia Regents University  Augusta GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekhar","family":"Thota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Women's Health Research Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Meharry Medical College  Nashville TN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00058-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/23.7.1171"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108173"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500590"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2007.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062374"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3876"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10958"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102s461"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(90)90038-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Active and passive smoking: hazards for children","volume":"5","author":"Etzel RA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cent. 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