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Previous studies have demonstrated cytotoxicity <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and animal models have shown pulmonary inflammation and injury in response to various indium\u2010containing particles. In humans, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and fibrotic interstitial lung disease have been observed in ITO facility workers. However, which indium materials or specific processes in the workplace may be the most toxic to workers is unknown. Here we examined the pulmonary toxicity of three different particle samples that represent real\u2010life worker exposures, as they were collected at various production stages throughout an ITO facility. Indium oxide (In<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), sintered ITO (SITO) and ventilation dust (VD) particles each caused pulmonary inflammation and damage in rats over a time course (1, 7 and 90 days post\u2010intratracheal instillation), but SITO and VD appeared to induce greater toxicity in rat lungs than In<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> at a dose of 1 mg per rat. Downstream pathological changes such as PAP and fibrosis were observed in response to all three particles 90 days after treatment, with a trend towards greatest severity in animals exposed to VD when comparing animals that received the same dose. These findings may inform workplace exposure reduction efforts and provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of an emerging occupational health issue. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]],"date-time":"2015-10-15T22:43:31Z","timestamp":1444949011000},"page":"618-626","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Pulmonary toxicity of indium\u2010tin oxide production facility particles in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Badding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Laboratory Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Morgantown WV 26505 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie R.","family":"Fix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Laboratory Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Morgantown WV 26505 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene S.","family":"Orandle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Laboratory Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Morgantown WV 26505 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Barger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Laboratory Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Morgantown WV 26505 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Dunnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Laboratory Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Morgantown WV 26505 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin J.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Disease Studies National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Morgantown WV 26505 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Laboratory Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health  Morgantown WV 26505 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370050164635"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101310"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124368"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.920757"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-11-9.eCollection2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00020306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200907-1022CR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1880"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201407-346OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2943"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu273"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft154"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.029124"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.45.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05583.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(01)00377-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.6.875"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12568"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2014.30.1.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-011-0688-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623312438738"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.L10128"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.10-0053-BR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.L9077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"NIOSH.2012.Hazard Evaluation and Technical Assistance Report: An Evaluation of Preventive Measures at an Indium\u2010Tin Oxide Production Facility. 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