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Three non\u2010animal assays have been formally validated and regulatory adopted: the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), the KeratinoSens\u2122 assay and the human cell line activation test (h\u2010CLAT). There have been many efforts to develop integrated approaches to testing and assessment with the \u201ctwo out of three\u201d approach attracting much attention. Here a set of 271 chemicals with mouse, human and non\u2010animal sensitization test data was evaluated to compare the predictive performances of the three individual non\u2010animal assays, their binary combinations and the \u201ctwo out of three\u201d approach in predicting skin sensitization potential. The most predictive approach was to use both the DPRA and h\u2010CLAT as follows: (1) perform DPRA \u2013 if positive, classify as sensitizing, and (2) if negative, perform h\u2010CLAT \u2013 a positive outcome denotes a sensitizer, a negative, a non\u2010sensitizer. With this approach, 85% (local lymph node assay) and 93% (human) of non\u2010sensitizer predictions were correct, whereas the \u201ctwo out of three\u201d approach had 69% (local lymph node assay) and 79% (human) of non\u2010sensitizer predictions correct. The findings are consistent with the argument, supported by published quantitative mechanistic models that only the first KE needs to be modeled. All three assays model this KE to an extent. The value of using more than one assay depends on how the different assays compensate for each other's technical limitations. Copyright \u00a9 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T12:47:48Z","timestamp":1495716468000},"page":"41-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Non\u2010animal assessment of skin sensitization hazard: Is an integrated testing strategy needed, and if so what should be integrated?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6112-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Chemistry Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3863-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Patlewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT), US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)  Research Triangle Park (RTP) NC 27711 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-011-0693-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2009.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"8318","article-title":"A toxicological and dermatologic assessment of salicylates when used as fragrance ingredients","volume":"45","author":"Belsito G","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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