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In this study, biomarkers related to inflammation and oxidative stress <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> experiments were investigated to clarify the PM2.5\u2010induced lung inflammation mechanisms. In an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> study using RAW264.7 cells, PM2.5 caused phosphorylation of nuclear factor\u2010\u03baB, p38 mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase and extracellular response kinases, an increase of proinflammatory gene and protein expressions (e.g. monocyte chemotactic protein\u20101, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1). These biomarkers were substantially attenuated by polymyxin B (PMB). PM2.5 induced heme oxygenase\u20101 (HO\u20101) gene, which was attenuated by <jats:italic>N\u2010<\/jats:italic>acetylcysteine (NAC). However, the suppressive effects of NAC on inflammatory biomarkers were very weak. In bone marrow\u2010derived macrophages (BMDMs) of wild\u2010type BALB\/c mice, the effects of PMB and NAC on PM2.5\u2010induced inflammatory responses were similar to RAW264.7 cells. In BMDMs of MyD88<jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup> mice, PM2.5\u2010induced proinflammatory mediators were substantially more attenuated. PM2.5 caused an increase of proinflammatory gene expressions (interleukin\u20106, cyclooxygenase 2) and HO\u20101 gene in MLE\u201012 cells (mouse alveolar cell line). These biomarkers were substantially attenuated by NAC, but not by PMB. When BALB\/c mice were exposed intratracheally to 0.2\u2009mg PM2.5, PM2.5 caused severe lung inflammation, an increase of neutrophils along with proinflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The inflammation was attenuated by NAC, particularly by NAC\u2009+\u2009PMB, but not by PMB alone. These results indicate that macrophages may act sensitively to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) present in PM2.5 and release proinflammatory mediators via the LPS\/MyD88 pathway. However, type II alveolar cells may react sensitively to oxidative stress induced by PM2.5 and cause inflammatory response. Therefore, overall, PM2.5 may cause predominantly oxidative stress\u2010dependent inflammation rather than LPS\/MyD88\u2010dependent inflammation in type II alveolar cell\u2010rich lungs. Copyright \u00a9 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]],"date-time":"2017-05-29T05:06:44Z","timestamp":1496034404000},"page":"1203-1218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["PM2.5\u2010induced lung inflammation in mice: Differences of inflammatory response in macrophages and type II alveolar cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8427-7693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health China Medical University  Shenyang 110122 China"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences  Oita 870\u20101201 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takamichi","family":"Ichinose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health 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