{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:07:26Z","timestamp":1770833246331,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDA BAA012\u201000118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDA BAA012\u201000118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Graphene\u2010based nanomaterials (GBN) have many potential biomedical applications. However, information regarding their biological properties and interactions with cells and\/or soluble factors within a complex tissue is limited. The objective of this study was to use the growing feather (GF) of chickens as a minimally invasive cutaneous test\u2010site to assess and monitor leukocyte recruitment in response to intradermal GBN injection. Specifically, the dermis of 20 GFs per chicken was injected with 10\u2009\u03bcl of phosphate\u2010buffered saline (PBS)\u2010vehicle or 10\u2009\u03bcl of 300\u2009\u03bcg ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> oxygen\u2010functionalized (f) GBN (6 chickens\/treatment). GFs were collected before\u2010 (0) and at 0.25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7\u2009days post\u2010injection and used for leukocyte\u2010population analysis of immunofluorescently stained pulp cell suspensions or histological examination. Based on flow\u2010cytometric cell population analysis, lymphocytes and macrophages were the major leukocyte\u2010populations infiltrating GFs in response to f\u2010GBN presence. Compared with PBS\u2010controls, levels of T cells (\u03b3\u03b4\u2010, \u03b1\u03b2\u2010, CD4\u2010 and CD8\u2010T cells) were greatly elevated in f\u2010GBN\u2010injected GFs within 6\u2009h and remained elevated throughout the 7\u2010day examination period. f\u2010GBN's effects on local tissue leukocyte recruitment were not reflected in the blood, except for a higher percentage of lymphocytes on 7\u2009days. These observations together with a visual examination of f\u2010GBN\u2010injected GF tissue\u2010sections suggest a delayed\u2010type hypersensitivity\u2010like, inflammatory cell\u2010mediated response to the non\u2010biodegradable f\u2010GBN. The GF \u2018<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> test\u2010tube\u2018system together with blood sampling provided unique insight into the time\u2010course, qualitative, and quantitative aspects of immune system activities initiated by the presence of f\u2010GBN in a complex tissue of a living animal. Copyright \u00a9 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T06:22:52Z","timestamp":1497594172000},"page":"1317-1324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["T lymphocytes dominate local leukocyte infiltration in response to intradermal injection of functionalized graphene\u2010based nanomaterial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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