{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:56:17Z","timestamp":1790178977146,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]],"date-time":"2017-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000276","name":"Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PR\u2010ST\u20101015\u201010016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR\u2010ST\u20101015\u201010016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incidents involving the release of chemical agents can pose significant risks to public health. In such an event, emergency decontamination of affected casualties may need to be undertaken to reduce injury and possible loss of life. To ensure these methods are effective, human volunteer trials (HVTs) of decontamination protocols, using simulant contaminants, have been conducted. Simulants must be used to mimic the physicochemical properties of more harmful chemicals, while remaining non\u2010toxic at the dose applied. This review focuses on studies that employed chemical warfare agent simulants in decontamination contexts, to identify those simulants most suitable for use in HVTs of emergency decontamination. Twenty\u2010two simulants were identified, of which 17 were determined unsuitable for use in HVTs. The remaining simulants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05) were further scrutinized for potential suitability according to toxicity, physicochemical properties and similarities to their equivalent toxic counterparts. Three suitable simulants, for use in HVTs were identified; methyl salicylate (simulant for sulphur mustard), diethyl malonate (simulant for soman) and malathion (simulant for VX or toxic industrial chemicals). All have been safely used in previous HVTs, and have a range of physicochemical properties that would allow useful inference to more toxic chemicals when employed in future studies of emergency decontamination systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]],"date-time":"2017-10-09T03:32:56Z","timestamp":1507519976000},"page":"113-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Chemical warfare agent simulants for human volunteer trials of emergency decontamination: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9295-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Environmental Effects Department Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England  Chilton OX11 0RQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Wyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Environmental Effects Department Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England  Chilton OX11 0RQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Marczylo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Department Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England  Chilton OX11 0RQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4721-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Environmental Effects Department Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England  Chilton OX11 0RQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Gaulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Environmental Effects Department Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England  Chilton OX11 0RQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Foxall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Department Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England  Chilton OX11 0RQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Aml\u00f4t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Response Department Science &amp; Technology, Public Health England  Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire SP4 0JG UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Duarte\u2010Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Environmental Effects Department Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England  Chilton OX11 0RQ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00008529"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3509"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Neurotoxic disorders of organophosphorus compounds and their managements","volume":"11","author":"Balali\u2010Mood M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380701643650"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1\u20139","author":"Bingham E.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70229-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20725"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2009.00650.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology Classes of Pesticides","author":"Gallo M. 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