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However, the toxicological effects and related toxicological mechanism of CG have been rarely documented. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity effects of CG on the model organism <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. Some characteristics of the nematode, including lifespan, movement behavior and reproductive capacity, were used to detect the toxic effects of CG on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. The results showed that CG could shorten the lifespan of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> by up to 25.3% and severely damage the movement of N2 larvae compared with the control group. Moreover, CG could prolong the generation times and reduce the brood sizes. Furthermore, CG promoted the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which caused oxidative stress, increased the mRNA expression of <jats:italic>sod\u20101<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>sod\u20102<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>sod\u20103<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>sod\u20105<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ctl\u20101<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ctl\u20102<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ctl\u20103<\/jats:italic>, and induced the antioxidant enzymes activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase to scavenge free radicals. However, antioxidant treatment experiments showed that Trolox could reduce the level of ROS caused by CG to the normal state of the control. These results suggested that the generation and elimination of ROS could not restore normal homeostasis in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> treated by CG. These findings indicated that the activation of oxidative damage is one of the most important toxic mechanisms of CG in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]],"date-time":"2018-01-19T09:54:48Z","timestamp":1516355688000},"page":"801-809","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Multiple biological defects caused by calycosin\u20107\u2010<i>O<\/i>\u2010\u03b2\u2010<scp>d<\/scp>\u2010glucoside in the nematode <scp><i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i><\/scp> are associated with the activation of oxidative damage"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2147-622X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianqin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanxi University  Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanxi University  Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Applied Biology Shanxi University  Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanxi University  Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science Shanxi University  Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanxi University  Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620200419"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1897\/03\u2010264"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2013.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440\u20101681.2004.03975.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.951756"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60319-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620191228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2017.BAF435"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352\u20100078(14)70091\u20105Get"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092\u20108674(94)90506\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.02.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2013.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477\u20107827\u201012\u201098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.10.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2014.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359\u20106446(04)03166\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2014.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"Progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Astragali Radix in recent five years","volume":"16","author":"Liu D. 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