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This study assessed trichloroethylene (TCE)\u2010induced effects on the gut microbiome and cytokine production during the development in mice. Mice were exposed to TCE (0.05 or 500\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL) at the levels that approximate to environmental or occupational exposure, respectively. Mice were subjected to a continuous developmental exposure to these doses encompassing gestation, lactation and continuing directly in the drinking water postnatally for 154\u00a0days (PND154) or PND259. To observe persistence of the effect TCE was removed from the drinking water in a subset of mice on PND154 and were provided regular drinking water until the study terminus (PND259). Abundance of total tissue\u2010associated bacteria reduced only in mice exposed to TCE until PND259. The ratio of\n                    <jats:italic>Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not alter during this continuos exposure; however, cessation of high\u2010dose TCE at PND154 resulted in the increased abundance\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    at PND259. Furthermore, high\u2010dose TCE exposure until PND259 resulted in a lower abundance of the genera\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobaccilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and increased abundance of genus\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobactrium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and bacterial family\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . TCE exposure until PND154 showed significant changes in the production of interleukin\u201033; that might play a dual role in maintaining the balance and homeostasis between commensal microbiota and mucosal health. At PND259, interleukin\u20103, granulocyte\u2010macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor and Eotaxin were altered in both, the continuous exposure and cessation groups, whereas only a cessation group had a higher level of KC that may facilitate infiltration of neutrophils. The irreversible effects of TCE after a period of exposure cessation suggested a unique programming and potential toxicity of TCE even at the environmental level exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T00:18:39Z","timestamp":1536193119000},"page":"209-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Irreversible effects of trichloroethylene on the gut microbial community and gut\u2010associated immune responses in autoimmune\u2010prone mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9496-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Khare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology National Center for Toxicological Research  3900 NCTR Road Jefferson AR 72079 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuppan","family":"Gokulan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology National Center for Toxicological Research  3900 NCTR Road Jefferson AR 72079 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology National Center for Toxicological Research  3900 NCTR Road Jefferson AR 72079 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute  Little Rock AR 72202 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute  Little Rock AR 72202 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Blossom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute  Little Rock AR 72202 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgw053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15476910701337035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90765-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.01.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2009.02279.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11782"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i42.9257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14324"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.6.1131S"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"EPA. 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