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The high level of As exposure (100\u20101000\u00a0\u03bcg\/L or even higher) through groundwater has been frequently associated with serious public health hazards, e.g., skin disorders, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory problems, complications of gastrointestinal tract, liver and splenic ailments, kidney and bladder disorders, reproductive failure, neurotoxicity and cancer. However, reviews on low\u2010level As exposure and the imperative health effects are far less documented. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has set the permissible standard of As in drinking water at 10\u00a0\u03bcg\/L. Considering the WHO and USEPA guidelines, most of the developed countries have established standards at or below this guideline. Worldwide many countries including India have millions of aquifers with low\u2010level As contamination (\u226450\u00a0\u03bcg\/L). The exposed population of these areas might not show any As\u2010related skin lesions (hallmark of As toxicity particularly in a population consuming As contaminated groundwater &gt;300\u00a0\u03bcg\/L) but might be subclinically affected. This review has attempted to encompass the wide range of health effects associated with chronic low\u2010level As exposure \u226450\u00a0\u03bcg\/L and the probable mechanisms that might provide a better insight regarding the underlying cause of these clinical manifestations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to create mass awareness about the health effects of chronic low\u2010level As exposure and planning of proper mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T00:24:30Z","timestamp":1562286270000},"page":"87-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Health effects inflicted by chronic low\u2010level arsenic contamination in groundwater: A global public health challenge"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9434-2786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dona","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute  Kolkata 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