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In addition to the acute toxicity, it is essential to evaluate Corexit further with a broader scope of long\u2010term sublethal endocrine endpoints. The American alligator (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>) is an excellent organism for such an endeavor. It exhibits temperature\u2010dependent sex determination, in which egg incubation temperatures during a thermosensitive period (TSP) in embryonic development determine the sex of embryos. Estrogen signals play a critical role in this process. For example, a single exposure to exogenous estrogen during the TSP overrides the effects of temperature and leads to skewed sex ratios. At a concentration of 100\u00a0ppm, Corexit significantly induced transcriptional activity of both alligator nuclear estrogen receptors 1 and 2 in vitro in reporter gene assays. To investigate the estrogenic effects of Corexit on gonadal development, alligator eggs were exposed to Corexit at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.25, 2.5 and 25\u00a0ppm) before the TSP in ovo. Exposure to Corexit at 0.25 and 25\u00a0ppm significantly delayed hatching and growth. Corexit exposure at any treatment level did not affect sex ratios or testicular mRNA abundance as measured at 1\u2010week post\u2010hatching, suggesting that the combination of Corexit components did not synergize enough to induce ovarian development in ovo. These results point to a need for further investigations on individual and combined components of Corexit to understand better their long\u2010term effects on the development and reproductive health of alligators and other coastal aquatic wildlife.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T22:00:11Z","timestamp":1567634411000},"page":"245-256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oil dispersant Corexit 9500 is weakly estrogenic, but does not skew the sex ratio in <scp><i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i><\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Nicole A.","family":"McNabb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Marine Biology, The University of Charleston South Carolina at the College of Charleston  Charleston South Carolina"},{"name":"Hollings Marine Laboratory  Charleston South Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology University of California  Davis California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa C.","family":"Bernhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Marine Biology, The University of Charleston South Carolina at the College of Charleston  Charleston South Carolina"},{"name":"Hollings Marine Laboratory  Charleston South Carolina"},{"name":"Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium  Sarasota Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Brunell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute  Eustis Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell H.","family":"Lowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Mission Support Service  Titusville Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshinao","family":"Katsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Demetri D.","family":"Spyropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hollings Marine Laboratory  Charleston South Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6184-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satomi","family":"Kohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hollings Marine Laboratory  Charleston South Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina"},{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University  St. Cloud Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0496"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Azwell T. 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