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In this study, we addressed the possible mechanism associated with cytotoxicity of the QDs to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Exposure to up to 100 \u03bcg\/ml Ti<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> but not Nb<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>C QDs for 24 h significantly induced cytotoxicity. The exposure also increased intracellular Ti and Nb elements, indicating the internalization of both types of QDs. None of the QDs promoted interleukin 6 (IL\u20106) and IL\u20108 releases. Rather, Ti<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> QDs significantly reduced IL\u20106 and IL\u20108 release, indicating that the toxicity of Ti<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> QDs was not due to elevated inflammatory responses. Exposure to Ti<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> but not Nb<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>C QDs resulted in increased LC3B\u2010II\/I ratio and beclin\u20101 proteins, biomarkers of autophagy, as well as the accumulation of autophagic substance p62. Ti<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> QDs also more effectively promoted pro\u2010caspase 3 but not pro\u2010caspase 8 compared with Nb<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>C QDs. Furthermore, pre\u2010treatment with autophagic modulators altered the cytotoxicity of Ti<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> QDs, which further confirmed the role of autophagic dysfunction in Ti<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> QD\u2010induced toxicity to HUVECs. In conclusion, the results from this study suggested that high levels of Ti<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> QDs could induce cytotoxicity to HUVECs by inducing the dysfunction of autophagy. Nb<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>C QDs appeared to be more biocompatible to HUVECs compared with Ti<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> QDs at the same mass concentrations, which suggested a role of composition of Mxene QDs to determine their toxicity to human endothelial cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T15:17:33Z","timestamp":1602602253000},"page":"745-754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Comparison of toxicity of Ti<sub>3<\/sub>C<sub>2<\/sub> and Nb<sub>2<\/sub>C Mxene quantum dots (QDs) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Manyu","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of New Energy and Materials Science China University of Petroleum\u2010Beijing  Beijing 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