{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:04:34Z","timestamp":1792091074679,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31900099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aminoglycoside antibiotics are widely used for many life\u2010threatening infections. The use of aminoglycosides is often comprised by their deleterious side effects to the kidney and inner ear. A novel semisynthetic antibiotic, etimicin, has good antimicrobial activity against both gram\u2010positive and gram\u2010negative bacteria. But its toxicity profile analysis is still lacking. In the present study, we compared the in vivo toxic effects of three aminoglycosides, gentamicin, amikacin, and etimicin, in zebrafish embryos. We examined the embryotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and the damage to the neuromast hair cells. Our results revealed that etimicin and amikacin exhibit more developmental toxicities to the young embryos than gentamicin. But at subtoxic doses, etimicin and amikacin show significantly reduced toxicities towards kidney and neuromast hair cells. We further demonstrated that fluorescently conjugated aminoglycosides (gentamicin\u2010Texas red [GTTR], amikacin\u2010Texas red [AMTR], and etimicin\u2010Texas red [ETTR]) all enter the hair cells properly. Inside the hair cells, gentamicin, not etimicin and amikacin, displays robust reactive oxygen species generation and induces apoptosis. Our data support that the different intracellular cytotoxicity underlies the different ototoxicity of the three aminoglycosides and that etimicin is a new aminoglycoside with reduced risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:28:36Z","timestamp":1603412916000},"page":"1063-1075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A new aminoglycoside etimicin shows low nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity in zebrafish embryos"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Weihao","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Cell &amp; Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai 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