{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:57:54Z","timestamp":1760576274453,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT\/A) is traditional medicine and well known for its therapeutic use as an anesthetic and in cosmetic applications that work through the inhibition of acetylcholine exocytosis in neuronal cells. BoNT\/A also has the potential to function as a biological weapon due to its high mortality rate and ease of dispersal. Emerging evidence suggests that BoNT\/A exhibits biological effects on nonneuronal cells. In cytology experiments, BoNT\/A induces global gene expression alterations. However, pulmonary effects from exposure to aerosolized BoNT\/A have not been evaluated. This study investigated the global transcriptional profile of lung tissues after botulism inhalation. A mice model of inhaled botulism was established using intratracheal exposure to aerosolized BoNT\/A and described through histological examination and flow cytometry. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that genes related to acute inflammatory responses were upregulated at 12\u2010h postexposure. Increased expression of multiple anti\u2010inflammatory marker genes and decreased expression of pro\u2010inflammatory marker genes were observed at 48\u2010 to 72\u2010h postexposure, underscoring a transcriptional shift toward a pro\u2010reparative phenotype. Histological examination and cell proportions analysis mirrored these expression patterns. Accordingly, the orchestration of a quick phenotype transition prompted by BoNT\/A may have the potential for promoting the resolution of the inflammatory lung. To our knowledge, this study represents the first research to investigate the pulmonary transcriptional responses of aerosolized BoNT\/A exposure; the results may provide new insights in elucidating the molecular mechanism for pulmonary inhaled botulism and highlight the potential therapeutic application of BoNT\/A in mitigating inflammatory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T23:18:02Z","timestamp":1612567082000},"page":"1479-1490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Profiling gene expression reveals insights into pulmonary response to aerosolized botulinum toxin type A exposure in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Duo","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology  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