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Although its hepatotoxic effects are well known, other negative effects of NOD have not yet been completely elucidated. The present study aims were to evaluate and compare the cytotoxic and immunotoxic effects of the toxin on primary leukocytes (from head kidney [HK]) and stable fish leukocytes (carp leucocyte cell line [CLC] cells). The cells were incubated with the cyanotoxin at concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, or 0.1\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml. After 24\u2009h of exposure, the concentrations \u22650.05\u2009\u03bcg\/ml of toxin resulted in cytotoxicity in the primary cells, while in CLC cells, the toxic effect was obtained only with the highest concentration. Similarly, depending on the concentration, exposure to NOD causes a significant inhibition of chemotaxis of the phagocytic abilities of primary leukocytes and a significant reduction in the proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from the HKs. Moreover, CLC cells and HK leukocytes incubated with this toxin at all the mentioned concentrations showed an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. NOD also evidently influenced the expression of genes of cytokine TNF\u2010\u03b1 and IL\u201010 and, to a minor extent, IL\u20101\u03b2 and TGF\u2010\u03b2. Notably, the observed changes in the mRNA levels of cytokines in NOD\u2010exposed cells were evident, but not clearly dose\u2010dependent. Interestingly, NOD did not affect the production and release of IL\u20101\u03b2 of the CLC cells. This study provides evidence that NOD may exert cytotoxicity and immune\u2010toxicity effects depending on cell type and toxin concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T06:34:49Z","timestamp":1614148489000},"page":"1660-1672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cytotoxic and immunological responses of fish leukocytes to nodularin exposure in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4322-5045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Rymuszka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin  Lublin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3125-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sieroslawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin  Lublin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0261-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Adaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Life Sciences Lublin  Lublin Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(93)90404-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00045-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12624"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00785236.1985.10426623"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00083-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/018011d0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152011794941163"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-35-6S-83.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"256","article-title":"Death of a dog attributed to the cyanobacterial (blue\u2010green algal) hepatotoxin nodularin in South Africa","volume":"66","author":"Harding W. 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