{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:37:56Z","timestamp":1760575076885,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previously, dibutyltin dichloride (DBTC) was the putative toxophore for dibutyltin <jats:italic>bis<\/jats:italic>\u2010alkyl and <jats:italic>bis<\/jats:italic>\u2010thio esters. Recent chemical and toxicological data on dioctyltin <jats:italic>bis<\/jats:italic>(2\u2010ethylhexyl thioglycolate) suggest the thioglycolate esters of alkyltins do not generate the dichloride toxophore. Our results, using <jats:sup>119<\/jats:sup>Sn\u2010nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, demonstrated that dibutyltin <jats:italic>bis<\/jats:italic>(2\u2010ethylhexyl thioglycolate) (DBTE) is hydrolyzed to dibutyltin chloro\u2010(2\u2010ethylhexyl thioglycolate) (DBTEC) under simulated gastric conditions. No DBTC was detected. DBTE was administered orally to presumed\u2010pregnant Sprague\u2013Dawley rats in a corn oil vehicle at 2.5, 8.5, and 25.0\u2009mg\/kg\/day (Gestation Day 5 [GD5] through GD19). There were no maternal deaths, no treatment\u2010related statistically significant reductions in feed consumption, maternal body weight or weight gain, or adverse gestational outcomes. Maternal thymus weight was significantly reduced in rats at 25\u2009mg\/kg. There were no effects on fetal growth, no dose\u2010dependent pattern of external, visceral, or skeletal malformations, and no increase in anatomical variations. Based on the obtained experimental data, it is concluded here that DBTE forms DBTEC, not DBTC, in the stomach, and DBTE was not teratogenic nor fetotoxic in rats, a species sensitive to DBTC. The maternal no\u2010observed\u2010adverse\u2010effect level (NOAEL) was 8.5\u2009mg\/kg\/day, and the developmental NOAEL was 25\u2009mg\/kg\/day, the high dose. The maternal LOAEL was 25\u2009mg\/kg\/day based on reduced maternal thymus weight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T08:48:50Z","timestamp":1616921330000},"page":"1794-1802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Simulated gastric hydrolysis and developmental toxicity of dibutyltin <i>bis<\/i>(2\u2010ethylhexyl thioglycolate) in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7050-2960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard D.","family":"Costlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard Costlow Consulting, LLC  Lansdale PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Nasshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galata Chemicals, GmbH  Lampertheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Frenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galata Chemicals, LLC  Southbury CT USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Salsbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galata Chemicals, LLC  Southbury CT USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Bautista A.&Herzig L.(2000).Simulated gastric hydrolysis of butyltin and octyltin mercaptides Elf Atochem North America Report 2000\u201005\u201023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550110604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2017.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(00)00095-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(91)90047-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(92)90172-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Ghobrial M. 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