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However, a comprehensive review and in\u2010depth discussion on the effects of MPs and NPs to reproductive capacity and transgenerational toxicity on mammals, especially on humans, is lacked. It is suggested that microplastics and nanoplastics could accumulate in mammalian reproductive organs and exert toxic effects on the reproductive system for both sexes. For males, the damage of microplastics consists of abnormal testicular and sperm structure, decreased sperm vitality, and endocrine disruption, which were caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis of testicular cells, autophagy, abnormal cytoskeleton, and abnormal hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010testicular axis. For females, the damage of microplastics includes abnormal ovary and uterus structure and endocrine disruption, which were caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, granulosa cell apoptosis, hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010ovary axis abnormalities, and tissue fibrosis. For transgenerational toxicity, premature mortality existed in the rodent offspring after maternal exposure to microplastics. Among the surviving offspring, metabolic disorders, reproductive dysfunction, immune, neurodevelopmental, and cognitive disorders were detected, and these events directly correlated with transgenerational translocation of MPs and NPs. Studies on human\u2010derived cells or organoids demonstrated that transgenerational toxicity studies for both sexes are yet in the phase of exploring suitable experimental models, and more detailed research on the threat of MPs and NPs to human fertility is still urgently needed. Further studies will help assess the MPs and NPs threat to public fertility and reproductive health risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T07:54:12Z","timestamp":1688025252000},"page":"66-85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["The reproductive and transgenerational toxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics: A threat to mammalian fertility in both sexes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7464-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary School Nanchang University  Nanchang Jiangxi Province China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology of Jiangxi Provincial Nanchang University  Nanchang Jiangxi Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruocheng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary School Nanchang University  Nanchang Jiangxi Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114158"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152665"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1020884312053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.05.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-009-8176-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1460-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002790"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46687"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060859"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp10873"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c4lc00371c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100942"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113966"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2014.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.152850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00385-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmm040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-020-00676-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18218-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Early intestinal microparticle uptake in the rat","volume":"189","author":"Hazzard R. 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