{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T01:53:03Z","timestamp":1778809983087,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A modified amphibian metamorphosis assay was performed in which Nieuwkoop and Faber (NF) stage 47 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Xenopus\u2009laevis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> larvae were exposed to different concentrations of either perchlorate (ClO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) or nitrate (NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) for 32\u2009days. Larvae were exposed to 0.0 (control), 5, 25, 125, 625, and 3125\u2009\u03bcg\/L ClO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, or 0 (control), 23, 71, 217, 660, and 2000\u2009mg\/L NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>. The primary endpoints were survival, hind limb length (HLL), forelimb emergence and development, developmental stage (including time to NF stage 62 [MT<jats:sub>62<\/jats:sub>]), thyroid histopathology, wet weight, and snout\u2010vent length (SVL). Developmental delay as evidenced by altered stage distribution and increased MT<jats:sub>62<\/jats:sub>, a higher degree of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy, and an increase in the prevalence of follicular cell hyperplasia was observed at concentrations \u2265125\u2009\u03bcg\/L ClO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) for developmental endpoints was 25.0\u00a0\u03bcg\/L ClO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> and the NOEC for growth endpoints was 3125\u2009\u03bcg\/L ClO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>. Exposure to nitrate did not adversely affect MT<jats:sub>62<\/jats:sub>, but a decreasing trend in stage distribution and median developmental stage at \u2265217\u2009mg\/L NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> was observed. No histopathologic effects associated with nitrate exposure were observed. An increasing trend in SVL\u2010normalized HLL was observed at 2000\u2009mg\/L NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>. Nitrate did not alter larval growth. The NOEC for developmental endpoints was 71\u2009mg\/L NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>, and 2000\u2009mg\/L NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> for growth endpoints. The present study provided additional evidence that the effects and potency of nitrate and perchlorate on metamorphosis and growth in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>X.\u00a0laevis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> are considerably different.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T06:45:24Z","timestamp":1713509124000},"page":"1184-1197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparing the effects and potencies of perchlorate and nitrate on amphibian metamorphosis using a modified amphibian metamorphosis assay (AMA)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9071-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Fort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Environmental Laboratories, Inc.  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