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The efficacy of absorbent materials has therefore been evaluated, alone or procedures including both dry and wet decontamination, following skin exposure to two low volatile toxic chemicals using an in vitro human skin penetration model. Additionally, removal using active carbon wipes was evaluated with or without the Dahlgren Decon solution. All dry decontamination procedures resulted in a significantly decreased skin penetration rate of the industrial chemical 2\u2010butoxyethanol compared to the control without decontamination. Wet decontamination following dry absorption significantly improved the efficacy compared to dry removal alone. Dry decontamination post\u2010exposure to the chemical warfare nerve agent VX showed no decontamination efficacy. However, dry and wet decontamination resulted in a decreased agent skin penetration rate during the last hour of the experiment. At \u221215\u00b0C, significantly reduced VX skin penetration rates were demonstrated for both dry decontamination alone and the dry and wet decontamination procedure. The Dahlgren Decon solution significantly reduced the amount of VX penetrating the skin, but the active carbon wipe alone did not impact the skin penetration rate. In conclusion, absorbent materials are beneficial for the removal of low\u2010volatile chemicals from the skin, but the degree of efficacy varies between chemicals. Despite the variability, immediate dry decontamination using available absorbent materials prior to wet decontamination is recommended as a general procedure for skin decontamination. The procedure should also be prioritized in cold\u2010weather conditions to prevent patient hypothermia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T00:24:41Z","timestamp":1715387081000},"page":"1361-1371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Immediate dry decontamination using efficient absorbent materials is beneficial following skin exposure to low\u2010volatile toxic chemicals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4948-6676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Thors","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Wigenstam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Qvarnstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4r","family":"W\u00e4sterby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"\u00d6berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Bucht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for 2\u2010butoxyethanol and 2\u2010butoxyethanol acetate","author":"ATSDR","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327108090269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2010.515280"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.01.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327103ht359oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2018.06.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Volume 3: Operational guidance for mass casualty disrobe and decontamination","author":"Chilcott R. 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