{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:15:15Z","timestamp":1781612115667,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hemp extracts and consumer products containing cannabidiol (CBD) and\/or other phytocannabinoids derived from hemp have entered the marketplace in recent years. CBD is an approved drug in the United States for the treatment of certain seizure disorders. While effects of CBD in the liver have been well characterized, data on the effects of other cannabinoids and hemp extracts in the liver and methods for studying these effects in vitro are limited. This study examined the hepatotoxic potential of CBD, CBD concentration\u2010matched hemp extract, and cannabinol (CBN), at consumer\u2010relevant concentrations determined by in silico modeling, in vitro using primary human hepatocytes. Primary human hepatocytes exposed to between 10\u2010nM and 25\u2010\u03bcM CBD, CBN, or hemp extract for 24 and 48\u2009h were evaluated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release, apoptosis, albumin secretion, urea secretion, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Cell viability was not significantly affected by CBD, CBN, or the hemp extract at any of the concentrations tested. Exposure to hemp extract induced a modest but statistically significant decrease in albumin secretion, urea secretion, and mitochondrial membrane potential at the highest concentration tested whereas CBD only induced a modest but statistically significant decrease in albumin secretion compared with vehicle control. Although this study addresses data gaps in the understanding of cannabinoid hepatoxicity in vitro, additional studies will be needed to determine how these results correlate with relevant consumer exposure and the biological effects of cannabinoids in human liver.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T05:37:40Z","timestamp":1719380260000},"page":"1595-1605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Examining the hepatotoxic potential of cannabidiol, cannabidiol\u2010containing hemp extract, and cannabinol at consumer\u2010relevant exposure concentrations in primary human hepatocytes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Anneliese","family":"Striz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 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