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Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of methylparaben (MePB) and propylparaben (PrPB), alone or in combination, on the physiological characteristics of pig in vitro exposed sperm to different concentrations (0, 200, 500, and 700\u2009\u03bcM) for viability, motility, and acrosome integrity evaluation and (0, 200, 500, 700, 1000, and 2000\u2009\u03bcM) for DNA fragmentation index evaluation, after 4\u2009h of exposure. The results showed that sperm viability decreased after exposure to MePB from the concentration of 500\u2009\u03bcM. In the PrPB and mixture groups, viability decreased at all concentrations except for the control. The decrease in viability of sperm exposed to PrPB was greater than that of the mixture and MePB groups. Sperm motility decreased in all the experimental groups exposed to PBs, at all concentrations, except for the control group. Acrosome integrity was not decreased in the MePB group; however, in the PrPB group, it decreased at a concentration of 200\u2009\u03bcM and in the mixture at 500\u2009\u03bcM. All groups exhibited DNA damage at different concentrations, except for the control group. Additionally, the effect of PBs on sperm quality was concentration\u2010dependent. The results demonstrated that MePB and PrPB alone or in combination can have adverse effects on sperm quality parameters. MePB had lower toxicity than did both PrPB and the mixture. The mixture did not have an additive effect on any of the parameters evaluated. This could partially explain the link between PB exposure and infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T22:30:10Z","timestamp":1718145010000},"page":"1540-1554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["In vitro exposure of porcine spermatozoa to methylparaben, and propylparaben, alone or in combination adversely affects sperm quality"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Barraza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Metropolitan Autonomous University\u2010Iztapalapa, Campus  Mexico City Mexico"},{"name":"Master's degree in Animal Reproduction Biology, Metropolitan Autonomous University\u2010Iztapalapa Campus  Mexico City 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