{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:34:06Z","timestamp":1788482046405,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatic enzyme induction, an inherent defense system against xenobiotics, is known to simultaneously affect endocrine system functions in mammals under specific conditions, particularly thyroid hormone (TH) regulation. While this phenomenon has been studied extensively, the pathway leading to this indirect thyroid effect in mammals has unclear applicability to amphibians, despite the importance of amphibian species in assessing thyroid\u2010disruptive chemicals. Here, we investigated the effects of three well\u2010known mammalian enzyme inducers\u2014\u03b2\u2010naphthoflavone (BNF), pregnenolone carbonitrile (PCN), and sodium phenobarbital (NaPB)\u2014on the gene expression of phase\u2010I and phase\u2010II metabolizing enzymes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> tadpoles. Waterborne exposure to BNF and PCN significantly induced the expression of both phase\u2010I (cytochrome P450, CYP) and phase\u2010II enzymes (UDP\u2010glucuronosyltransferase, UGT and sulfotransferase, SULT), but in different patterns, while NaPB exposure induced CYP2B expression without affecting phase\u2010II enzymes in tadpoles, in contrast to mammals. Furthermore, an ex vivo hepatic enzyme activity assay confirmed that BNF treatment significantly increased phase\u2010II metabolic activity (glucuronidation and sulfation) toward TH. These results suggest the potential for certain mammalian enzyme inducers to influence TH clearance in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>X. laevis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> tadpoles. Our findings provide insights into the profiles of xenosensing activity and enzyme induction in amphibians, which can facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms of indirect effects on the thyroid system via hepatic enzyme induction in nonmammalian species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:34:45Z","timestamp":1721694885000},"page":"1773-1783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hepatic enzyme induction and its potential effect on thyroid hormone metabolism in the metamorphosing tadpole of <scp><i>Xenopus laevis<\/i><\/scp> (African clawed frog)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2820-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohei","family":"Wada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science Laboratory Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.  Takarazuka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science Laboratory Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.  Takarazuka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science Laboratory Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.  Takarazuka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuo","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Science Laboratory Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.  Takarazuka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(72)90075-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440601123529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1976.9999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440601123545"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02961-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206553200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfad063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13004"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Expression pattern of BXR suggests a role for benzoate ligand\u2010mediated signalling in hatching gland function","volume":"44","author":"Heath L. 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