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Here, we assessed the endocrine\u2010disrupting function of crude oil on male reproductive system based on testicular histology, sex steroid hormones, and fertility endpoints in adult male goldfish (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Carassius auratus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>), which were exposed to 0.02\u2010 to 2\u2010mg\/L crude oil for 21\u2009days (Experiment #1) or to 5\u2010 to 250\u2010mg\/L crude oil for 9\u2009days (Experiment #2). The crude oil contained 0.22\u2010mg\/L nickel (Ni), 1.10\u2010mg\/L vanadium (V), and 12.87\u2010mg\/L polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Twenty\u2010four hours after adding crude oil, the sum of PAHs ranged from 0.30 to 2.28\u2009\u03bcg\/L in the aquaria containing 0.02\u2010 and 250\u2010mg\/L crude oil, respectively. Water analyses for heavy metals in Experiment #2 showed high concentrations (mg\/L) of Ni (0.07\u20130\u201009) and V (0.10\u20130.21). For both experiments, exposure to crude oil did not impact gonadosomatic index; however, testes showed histopathological defects including hyperplasia or hypertrophy of Sertoli cells, depletion of the Leydig cells, necrosis of germ cells, and fibrosis of lobular wall. In Experiment #1, sperm production and motility, testosterone (T), and 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol (E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were not significantly different among treatments. In Experiment #2, the number of spermiating males decreased by ~50% following exposure to 250\u2010mg\/L crude oil. Sperm production, motility kinematics, T, and the T\/E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> ratio significantly decreased in males exposed to \u2265\u200950\u2010mg\/L crude oil; however, E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> remained unchanged. Results show crude oil\u2013induced imbalance of sex steroid hormones disrupts spermatogenesis resulting in diminished sperm production and motility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T19:35:12Z","timestamp":1735155312000},"page":"767-782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Crude Oil\u2013Induced Reproductive Disorders in Male Goldfish: Testicular Histopathology, Sex Steroid Hormones, and Sperm Swimming Kinematics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Mahboubeh","family":"Mahlouji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, College of Science University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3606-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayyed\u00a0Mohammad\u00a0Hadi","family":"Alavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, College of Science University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jahanbakhsh","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir\u00a0Hossein","family":"Jalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gas Research Division Research Institute of Petroleum Industry  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansour\u00a0Torfi","family":"Mozanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South of Iran Aquaculture Research Centre, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization  Ahwaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songpei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters University of South Bohemia in \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice  Vod\u0148any Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nururshopa\u00a0Eskander","family":"Shazada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters University of South Bohemia in \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice  Vod\u0148any Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian\u00a0A.\u00a0E.","family":"Butts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed\u00a0Hossein","family":"Hoseinifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources  Gorgan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otomar","family":"Linhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters University of South Bohemia in \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice  Vod\u0148any Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22034\/IAR.2024.2005296.1584"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102817"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.06.038"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"266","article-title":"Effects of Water Soluble Fraction of Crude Oil and Dietary Supplementation of Rosemary on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)","volume":"32","author":"Anwar A. 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