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PCP has been found from 0.26 to 5\u2009\u03bcM in the serum of exposed individuals and at an average of 0.15\u2009\u03bcM in the unexposed. DBT has been detected in human blood at levels up to 0.3\u2009\u03bcM. Exposure to these contaminants is linked to pathological conditions including cancer. Interleukin\u20101 beta (IL\u20101\u03b2) and IL\u20106 are pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines that when produced inappropriately can cause chronic inflammation, which is linked to pathologies including autoimmune diseases and cancer. PCP and DBT have been shown to increase the production of IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 by immune cells in a MAP kinase (MAPK) dependent process. Toll\u2010like receptors (TLRs) activate the signaling pathways linked to MAPK that lead to production of these cytokines. This study demonstrates that PCP\u2010induced production of IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106 is dependent on TLR4 and TLR8, and independent of TLR1\/2, TLR2, and TLR3. Additionally, DBT\u2010induced IL\u20106 production depends on TLR1\/2, whereas IL\u20101\u03b2 production does not. Blocking the TLR\u2010linked adapter protein, MyD88, lead to a loss of both PCP and DBT stimulation of IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106. These findings indicate that both PCP and DBT interact with selected TLRs as part of their mechanisms of elevating the levels of critical pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to chronic inflammation and its related pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T20:24:41Z","timestamp":1738873481000},"page":"976-993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Toll\u2010Like Receptors in Pentachlorophenol\u2010 and Dibutyltin\u2010Induced Production of Pro\u2010Inflammatory Cytokines, Interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, and IL\u20106, by Human Immune Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Aleshia","family":"Seaton\u2010Terry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Tennessee State University  Nashville Tennessee 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