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In the present study, we developed yellow mealworm (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Tenebrio molitor<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>) as an alternative model to investigate the acute toxicity of nanoplastics. Our results showed that microinjection with 500\u2009mg\/kg nanoplastics significantly increased death rate of yellow mealworms after 24 or 48\u2009h, with 100\u2009nm particles being more effective compared with 20\u2009nm ones. Meanwhile, dose\u2010dependent increase of death rate was observed in yellow mealworms after injection with 2\u2013200\u2009mg\/kg 100\u2009nm nanoplastics. Exposure to 2\u2009mg\/kg 100\u2009nm but not 20\u2009nm nanoplastics also led to hyperactivity of yellow mealworms. Both types of nanoplastics altered metabolite profiles, that 20\u2009nm nanoplastics significantly up\u2010regulated and down\u2010regulated 9 and 12 metabolites, whereas 100\u2009nm nanoplastics significantly up\u2010regulated and down\u2010regulated 16 and 25 metabolites, respectively. Enrichment analysis revealed that 100\u2009nm but not 20\u2009nm nanoplastics significantly affected alpha\u2010linolenic acid metabolism (ko00592) and purine metabolism (ko00230). For the metabolites belonging to these pathways, 100\u2009nm nanoplastics significantly up\u2010regulated stearidonic acid but down\u2010regulated guanine. Combined, these results revealed size\u2010dependent effects of nanoplastics on acute toxicity, hyperactivity and metabolite profile changes in yellow mealworms. These results also indicated the potential uses of yellow mealworms as a cheap and simple model to evaluate the toxicity of nanoplastics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T20:16:05Z","timestamp":1739218565000},"page":"994-1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Development of Yellow Mealworm (<scp><i>Tenebrio molitor<\/i><\/scp>) as a Cheap and Simple Model to Evaluate Acute Toxicity, Locomotor Activity Changes, and Metabolite Profile Alterations Induced by Nanoplastics of Different Sizes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School University of South China  Hengyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School University of South China  Hengyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sihuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School University of South China  Hengyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College University of South China  Hengyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co. 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