{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:36:10Z","timestamp":1787564170456,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    As a light rare earth element, Sm and Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    are widely used in various fields such as electronics, chemistry, and medicine. Their distribution in the environment, accumulation in biological organisms and exposure through medicinal pathways have attracted increasing public attention. It is crucial to clarify the impact of Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    on human health. In this study, we applied Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    to 24\u2009h post\u2010fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and investigated the toxic effects and mechanisms of Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The results showed that Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    induced developmental abnormalities in zebrafish embryos, such as prominent pericardial swelling, slight curvature of the spine, and decreased body length. The incidence of abnormalities in zebrafish significantly increased. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results showed that Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    accumulated in the zebrafish induced the shortening or disappearance of microcrest in zebrafish skin cells. The Lyz\u2010fish system results demonstrated that macrophages migrated to the skin, suggesting that Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    caused damage. Laser confocal microscopy revealed that the heart ventricles of zebrafish embryos exhibited compensatory swelling, ventricular atrophy, and abnormal heart rates. Acridine orange (AO) staining showed obvious green fluorescence. Embryos proteins at 96 hpf were extracted after Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    treatment, revealing that the anti\u2010apoptosis bcl\u20102 protein decreased with an increase in the Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentration. The caspase\u20103 apoptosis executioner protein also showed concentration\u2010dependent expression, indicating that Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    promotes apoptosis in cardiac tissue cells. DCFH\u2010DA staining showed significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in the hearts and brains in zebrafish. In summary, Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    caused ROS accumulation and activated apoptotic pathways in zebrafish embryos, thereby inducing developmental abnormalities and exhibiting biological toxicity. This study demonstrated that 3\u2010day exposure of 24 hpf zebrafish embryos to Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    resulted in pericardial edema, body length reduction, macrophage migration, and shortened micro\u2010ridges of skin cells. Notably, cardiac anomalies included ventricular swelling, atrophy, and arrhythmia, which correlated with elevated ROS levels and apoptotic signals. Mechanistically, Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    promoted apoptosis through downregulation of Bcl\u20102 and upregulation of caspase\u20103 expression. These findings collectively reveal that Sm\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    induces developmental toxicity via ROS accumulation and activation of caspase\u2010dependent apoptotic pathways, highlighting its potential biological hazards in early vertebrate development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T17:18:40Z","timestamp":1741713520000},"page":"1258-1269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Samarium Oxide Exposure Induces Toxicity and Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish Embryos Through Apoptosis Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxia","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijing","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yabin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Stomatology Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoe","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5420-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannan","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine Baotou Medical College  Baotou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224964"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.09.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S220785"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108177"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010021\u201003189\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212266"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2019.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2011.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113793"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.09.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16533\/J.CNKI.15\u20131099\/TF.20200002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32667"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jre.2023.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661\u2010013\u20103469\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2019.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091663"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.6b00919"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2021.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b08938"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0946\u2010672X(01)80008\u20130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plana.2023.100049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2021.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726\u2010016\u20100026\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.249"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5491\/SHAW.2013.4.1.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2023.114228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2017.1415307"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105542"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2017.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113896"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2022.127084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.11.023"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.4774","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T14:09:46Z","timestamp":1760537386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jat.4774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jat.4774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.4774","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-437X","1099-1263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-437X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}