{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:07:24Z","timestamp":1787771244879,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    African cobra (\n                    <jats:italic>Naja<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) venom contains toxins dominated by proteins and peptides with inter\u2010 and intra\u2010specific variations. There are several FDA\u2010approved drugs from snake venom toxins from other regions, including South America and Asia. Profiling the proteomes of medically important African cobra venoms from different locations will aid in developing more effective anticancer agents. The venoms of spitting cobras (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Naja pallida<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Naja nigricincta woodi<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and non\u2010spitting cobras of the\n                    <jats:italic>Uraeus<\/jats:italic>\n                    subgenus (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Naja anchietae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Naja annulifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Naja nivea<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) were fractionated by reverse phase\u2010high performance liquid chromatography (RP\u2010HPLC). Using label\u2010free LC\u2013MS\/MS, the venom toxins were identified and grouped into families based on their relative abundance. Venom cytotoxicity of both crude and fractionated samples was tested in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines (MIA PaCa\u20102) using the Alamar Blue assay. Cell viability analysis revealed a cytotoxic effect of spitting cobra venoms against MIA PaCa\u20102 cell lines compared to normal MRC\u20105 cells. Conversely, venoms of non\u2010spitting cobras showed no cytotoxic activity against MIA PaCa\u20102 cells. Selected RP\u2010HPLC venom fractions from the spitting cobras revealed that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>N. pallida<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    Fraction 6 and\n                    <jats:italic>N. n. woodi<\/jats:italic>\n                    Fraction 9 at a minimal level were cytotoxic against MIA PaCa\u20102 cells. LC\u2013MS\/MS data showed that while\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>N. pallida<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    Fraction 6 was dominated by basic phospholipase 2 CM\u2010III and Cytotoxin 2,\n                    <jats:italic>N. n. woodi<\/jats:italic>\n                    Fraction 9 was dominated by basic phospholipase 2 CM\u2010III, basic phospholipase 2 CM\u2010II and Cytotoxin 3. These fractions will be purified and studied to determine the mechanisms behind the underlying cytotoxicity against MIA PaCa\u20102 cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T18:35:22Z","timestamp":1748802922000},"page":"2055-2067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Proteome of African Spitting and Non\u2010Spitting Cobra Venoms and Cytotoxicity Against Pancreatic Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Benedict\u00a0C.","family":"Offor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Johannesburg  Auckland Park South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beric","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Africa Venom Suppliers cc  Louis Trichardt South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesetja\u00a0R.","family":"Motadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Johannesburg  Auckland Park South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9526-0109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizelle\u00a0A.","family":"Piater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Johannesburg  Auckland Park South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124892"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475\u2010020\u201000198\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201054070\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16100433"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2008.05.021"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Phase I and Pharmacokinetics Study of Crotoxin (Cytotoxic PLA2, NSC\u2010624244) in Patients With Advanced Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Cura J. 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