{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:39:14Z","timestamp":1780709954774,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The chromosome aberration test (CAT) is a widely used in\u00a0vitro assay for detecting structural chromosomal damage induced by clastogenic chemicals. It plays a crucial role in genetic toxicology, helping assess the potential genotoxic effects of pharmaceutical compounds, environmental contaminants, and industrial chemicals. This test is particularly valuable in regulatory studies, as chromosomal aberrations are linked to mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and hereditary diseases. The test evaluates their occurrence in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL) or other mammalian cells after exposure to test chemicals. Accurate solubility of test compounds is critical for determining the highest feasible concentration in CAT without compromising cell viability or assay integrity. However, selecting an appropriate solvent remains a challenge in genetic toxicology, as the solvent must ensure chemical stability, support cell growth and metabolic activation, comprise \u2264\u20091% of the final treatment medium, and be compatible with human blood cells. In this study, we systematically evaluated the cytotoxic effects of various solvents on HPBL at 0.5% and 1% concentrations over a 22\u2010h exposure period, replicating approximately 1.5 normal cell cycle durations without the inclusion of a metabolic activation system. The solvents tested included dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010dimethylformamide (DMF), acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dimethylacetamide. Our findings revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010dimethylformamide and acetone were noncytotoxic at 0.5%, while ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide were noncytotoxic at both 0.5% and 1% concentrations, whereas other solvents exhibited cytotoxic effects at both concentrations. These findings provide valuable insights for genetic toxicologists, enabling better selection of optimal solvents for CAT\u2010based genotoxicity assessments. By refining solvent choices, researchers can improve chromosome aberration analysis accuracy, facilitating more reliable regulatory decision\u2010making in genetic toxicology and pharmaceutical safety evaluations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T05:38:32Z","timestamp":1755581912000},"page":"469-478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating Solvent Safety in Chromosome Aberration Assays for Genetic Toxicology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9867-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satyam\u00a0N.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre Zydus Lifesciences Limited  Ahmedabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7379-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chetan\u00a0K.","family":"Kajavadara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre Zydus Lifesciences Limited  Ahmedabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7211-1207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rushikesh\u00a0M.","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre Zydus Lifesciences Limited  Ahmedabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4474-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darshan\u00a0T.","family":"Valani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre Zydus Lifesciences Limited  Ahmedabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1227-7408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laxit\u00a0K.","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre Zydus Lifesciences Limited  Ahmedabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre Zydus Lifesciences Limited  Ahmedabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5730-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukul\u00a0R.","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre Zydus Lifesciences Limited  Ahmedabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gen040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10915818909010527"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"EMA.2024. \u201cEnhanced Ames Test Conditions for N\u2010Nitrosamines.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.ema.euro.pa.eu\/en\/documents\/other\/appendix\u20103\u2010enhanced\u2010ames\u2010test\u2010conditions\u2010n\u2010nitrosamines_en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"FDA\u2010Human Foods Program.2003. \u201cRedbook 2000: Iv. 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In\u00a0Vitro Mammalian Chromosomal Aberration Test.\u201d USFDA.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory\u2010information\/search\u2010fda\u2010guidance\u2010documents\/redbook\u20102000\u2010ivc1b\u2010in\u2010vitro\u2010mammalian\u2010chromosomal\u2010aberration\u2010test."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx060033d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"Some Nitrobenzenes and Other Industrial Chemicals","author":"IARC","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"ICH.2012. \u201cICH Guideline S2 (R1) on Genotoxicity Testing and Data Interpretation for Pharmaceuticals Intended for Human Use.\u201dICH.https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific\u2010guideline\/ich\u2010guideline\u2010s2\u2010r1\u2010genotoxicity\u2010testing\u2010and\u2010data\u2010interpretation\u2010pharmaceuticals\u2010intended\u2010human\u2010use\u2010step\u20105_en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2024.105711"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh1959.24.373"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es900990d"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Dimethylacetamide\u2010Induced Hepatic Injury In\u00a0Vitro: Mechanism and Potential Preventive Strategy","volume":"29","author":"Liu X.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomedical and Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165\u20101218(81)90025\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(03)00076-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP).1998. \u201cHealth Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS 870.5375 In\u00a0Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test.\u201d U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100ID5Q.txt."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"OECD.2016. \u201cTest No. 473: In\u00a0Vitro Mammalian Chromosomal Aberration Test.\u201d (OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Section\u00a04).https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/test\u2010no\u2010473\u2010in\u2010vitro\u2010mammalian\u2010chromosomal\u2010aberration\u2010test_9789264264649\u2010en.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22649"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800764-8.00007-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.88368"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010024\u201003893\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/16833_2024_335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41021\u2010020\u20100143\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"WilburS. 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