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Numerous scientific studies are increasingly being conducted towards understanding possible deleterious effects of MPs\/NPs on human, animal, plant, and environmental health. MPs\/NPs rarely biodegrade, have small particle sizes, and are positively charged\u2014features that make them dangerous to cells. They are capable of inducing oxidative stress, genotoxicity, immunological response, alteration in cellular membrane and cytoarchiture. The ability for MPs\/NPs to induce DNA damage and genotoxicity may enhance genome instability, the hallmark of cancer and genetic disease syndrome. This review focused on determining the sensitivity of various biomarkers utilized to assess the DNA damage and genotoxicity potentials of MPs\/NPs, the bioindicators used as models (invertebrates, vertebrates, cell lines\/primary cells and plants), and the mechanisms of MPs\/NPs\u2010induced genotoxicity and DNA damage. The nature\/type and size of the MP\/NP polymers, concentration, and duration of exposure are determining factors considered in the DNA damage and genotoxicity assessment of MPs\/NPs. Also, somatic and germ\u2010line cells are susceptible to the genotoxic effects of MPs\/NPs. Single and double DNA strand breaks assessed using the comet assay are the most used biomarker of DNA damage, while chromosome aberration is the least used. Others are sperm morphology assay, micronucleus assay, and toxicogenomics. The mechanisms of MPs\/NPs\u2010induced DNA damage include generation of free radicals and oxidative stress, induction of deleterious inflammatory cells, down\u2010regulation of transcriptional genes related to apoptotic expressions, and increased DNA fragmentation in cells and tissues. Further studies are required to unequivocally confirm MPs\/NPs as genotoxins, mutagens, and\/or carcinogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T22:47:21Z","timestamp":1758322041000},"page":"110-140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Micro (Nano)plastics Vitiation of Genetic Material: Systematic Review of Genotoxic Biomarkers and Model Bioindicators"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9393-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chibuisi\u00a0Gideon","family":"Alimba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) Technical University of Dortmund  Dortmund Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel\u00a0Oluwasegun","family":"Adesida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Protection in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasiu\u00a0Mathew","family":"Owonikoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Environmental Physiology and Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Physiology Igbinedion University  Edo State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayodeji\u00a0Ojo","family":"Oteyola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes9020076"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5620\/eaht.e2020010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010020\u201011736\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1en01199e"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170592"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156923"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1215"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010020\u201011325\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646\u2010015\u20101589\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2016.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126143"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.093"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128290"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143131"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2023.503705"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114158"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11070627"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EN00748J"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23062958"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025\u2010326X(87)80026\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16984\/saufenbilder.455574"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2025.503850"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","first-page":"4973","article-title":"Toxicological Effect of Polyethylene Microsphere on Brachionus Plicatilis and Daphnia Magna","volume":"27","author":"Berber A. 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