{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T01:09:40Z","timestamp":1770858580658,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The scorpion envenomations represent a serious public health issue, especially in North Africa. Their venom is known as a poison causing fatal complications. However, antivenom is the effective therapeutic approach available, showing a wide distribution in tissue compartments. Despite large\u2010scale studies on the pathogenesis of scorpion envenomations, the spleen remains an organ not fully highlighted, even its major implication on the organism's immune response. In order to have a full view on this point, the focus will be directed for the first time towards the neutralization effects of a rabbit\u2010made antivenom on the spleen level against the North Africa's dangerous scorpions:\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Androctonus\u2009australis\u2009hector<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Aah<\/jats:italic>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Androctonus\u2009mauretanicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Am<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Buthus\u2009occitanus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Bo<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) by the direct or cross\u2010reactivity reaction. Firstly, the acute toxicity was assessed by determining the Median Lethal Dose (LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and Sublethal Dose (sLD), then the electrophoretic profile was generated. The Median Effective Dose 50% (ED\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was conducted against each venom before proceeding to the histological examination in mouse splenic tissue, with and without administration of scorpion antivenom. Our results revealed that the spleen histo\u2010structure was highly damaged by the toxic effect of\n                    <jats:italic>Am<\/jats:italic>\n                    , followed by\n                    <jats:italic>Aah<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Bo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Insightfully, the antivenom administered even 2\u2009h later was able to essentially neutralize congestion and the presence of giant cells, as well as a significant reduction in red pulp hyperplasia and hemorrhagic foci. Based on these findings, the antivenom showed important effects against another vital organ highly targeted by the scorpion venoms, in view of adopting immunotherapy, especially in Morocco.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T07:21:32Z","timestamp":1759216892000},"page":"984-991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathophysiological Effects of the North Africa's Dangerous Scorpions and Antivenom Neutralization Efficacity: Unveiling the Spleen's Response"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5547-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bouchra","family":"Darkaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Venoms and Toxins Pasteur Institute of Morocco  Casablanca Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Health, Environment and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock Hassan II University of Casablanca  Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayoub","family":"Lafnoune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Venoms and Toxins Pasteur Institute of Morocco  Casablanca Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Health, Environment and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock Hassan II University of Casablanca  Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imane","family":"Nait\u00a0Irahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Health, Environment and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock Hassan II University of Casablanca  Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Chakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Venoms and Toxins Pasteur Institute of Morocco  Casablanca Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Agrofood and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology Hassan First University  Settat Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hinde","family":"Aassila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Agrofood and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology Hassan First University  Settat Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Aksim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology The Regional Hospital Centre Hassan II  Agadir Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ouafaa\u00a0Aniq","family":"Filali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Health, Environment and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock Hassan II University of Casablanca  Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoual","family":"Oukkache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Venoms and Toxins Pasteur Institute of Morocco  Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101749"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2021.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2015.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010024\u201006019\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16010016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16050214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271211072872"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"El Oufir R.2021. \u201cScorpions Stings and Envenomations: Specific Toxicovigilance 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