{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T09:05:37Z","timestamp":1775466337171,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO\u2010NPs) and nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO\u2010NPs) have recently been associated with potential adverse effects on human health following their increased application in consumer products. While previous studies have focused on hepatorenal and pulmonary toxicities, their effects on male reproduction remain inconclusive. This study aimed to assess the individual and combined effects of these NPs on testicular structure and function in male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats, at different time points. Thirty\u2010six male rats were divided into four groups and treated intraperitoneally with either normal saline, ZnO\u2010NPs (200\u2009mg\/kg), NiO\u2010NPs (50\u2009mg\/kg), or their combination. Testosterone levels, oxidative stress markers, histomorphometric changes, and spermatogenesis grading were assessed at 7, 14, and 21\u2009days post\u2010exposure. Our results revealed that both NPs significantly decreased testosterone levels and depleted the antioxidant system while increasing lipid peroxidation. Additionally, impaired spermatogenesis was observed, accompanied by testicular histological and morphometric alterations. Notably, the toxicity was time dependent: NiO\u2010NPs exerted a progressive toxic effect, while ZnO\u2010NPs showed early recovery. Interestingly, co\u2010exposed NPs initially showed minimal reproductive damage but developed enhanced toxicity at the final time point. To conclude, acute exposure to these NPs exerts different time\u2010dependent patterns of reproductive toxicity in male rats. Co\u2010exposure initially provided protection that shifted to enhanced toxicity, suggesting the involvement of ionic interactions between NPs in modulating their combined effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T04:44:02Z","timestamp":1763786642000},"page":"1697-1705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of Nanoparticles of Zinc Oxide, Nickel Oxide, or Their Mixture on Rat Testes: A Time\u2010Dependent Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7368-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noura\u00a0S.","family":"Abouzeinab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science Beirut Arab University  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nour","family":"Kahil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science Beirut Arab University  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7629-4357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud\u00a0I.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science Beirut Arab University  Beirut Lebanon"},{"name":"Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Alexandria University  Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291\u2010018\u20100788\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2023\u20106237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339\u2010020\u201003508\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.868111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/jcdr\/2017\/23927.9886"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/bter:90:1\u20103:215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339702500201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jmau.jmau_44_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201025468\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194690"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03602532.2021.1917597"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1999.1857"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm\u201022\u20103047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041758"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787\u2010017\u20100309\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000178170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1402\u20104896\/abb4f7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.11.128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151121253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17795\/jjnpp\u201017532"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695\u2010024\u201001420\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011\u2010019\u201001941\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7243\/2055\u2010091X\u20106\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441\u2010018\u20102909\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/zjfm.2022.126365.1108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4149\/bll_2015_060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12988\/asb.2015.5425"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201021014\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"2021","article-title":"The Influence of ZnO NPs on Reproductive System Tissues of Albino Male Mice. 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