{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T02:53:57Z","timestamp":1777949637370,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The present study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of heroin samples available in the Iranian illicit market and evaluate their toxic effects on brain and liver tissues in an animal model. Different heroin samples were analyzed using gas chromatography and classified into four distinct groups, labeled A, B, C, and D, based on the presence of pharmaceutical additives such as acetaminophen, caffeine, and dextromethorphan. Subsequently, male Wistar rats were treated with these compounds using standard addiction induction models. After the treatment period, the brain and liver tissues of the animals were subjected to pathological and biochemical examinations. The results showed that each type of heroin had a specific pattern of tissue toxicity, and the extent of brain and liver damage varied among the groups. The findings of this research emphasize the importance of accurately identifying the composition of heroin available in the market and its impact on consumers' health, which can serve as a basis for preventive measures and harm reduction policies related to substance abuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T08:00:02Z","timestamp":1764144002000},"page":"1939-1950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Toxicity of Impurities of Illicit Heroin in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Kargar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9000-2821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jalal","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad\u00a0Kazem","family":"Koohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Shirzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Police Equipment and Technologies, Policing Sciences and Social Studies Research Institute  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soheila","family":"Adeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6707-132X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad\u00a0Fahanik","family":"Babaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samad\u00a0Shokouhi","family":"Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti\u2010Narcotics Department, Faculty of Information and Criminal Investigation Sciences and Techniques Amin Police University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2011.592898"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determination of Medicinal Impurities of Exposed Heroin Using Gas Chromatography","volume":"13","author":"Baheri T.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Police Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(88)90083-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2011.07.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"EuroMediterranean Biomedical Journal: The Renewed Manuscript Layout and Web Rendering Foreshadow Further Journal Improvement","volume":"12","author":"Costantino C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"EuroMediterranean Biomedical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2015.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hsr.2023.100132"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(83)90120-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2020-043968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2079150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","article-title":"Hazardous Substance Use Among Refugees in Shared Accommodations","author":"Lorenz M. 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