{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:27:44Z","timestamp":1791430064503,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Etomidate (ETO), a widely used intravenous anesthetic, is increasingly recognized as an emerging environmental contaminant due to its persistence in aquatic systems and potential ecotoxicological effects. This study examined the developmental and neurobehavioral effects of ETO in zebrafish across life stages, encompassing environmentally relevant (0.001\u20130.1\u2009mg\/L) and higher concentrations. In zebrafish embryos, ETO exposure significantly delayed hatching, increased mortality, and induced morphological abnormalities, including pericardial edema, reduced body length, impaired swim bladder inflation, and reduced eye size. Photomotor response assays showed that larval locomotor activity was suppressed at 0.1\u2009mg\/L and above. In adult zebrafish, exposure to ETO at 0.001\u20130.1\u2009mg\/L elicited neurobehavioral alterations, such as increased anxiolytic\u2010like behavior, enhanced social preference, and disrupted shoaling cohesion. RT\u2010qPCR analysis revealed significant dysregulation of GABAA and dopaminergic pathway genes, suggesting that ETO disrupts associated neurochemical signaling in zebrafish. These findings demonstrate that environmentally realistic levels of ETO induce developmental toxicity and neurobehavioral disturbances in aquatic vertebrates, highlighting the need for ecological risk assessment and regulatory attention for pharmaceutical anesthetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T05:24:47Z","timestamp":1764134687000},"page":"1918-1926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Developmental and Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Etomidate in Zebrafish Across Life Stages"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control of Zhejiang Province National Narcotics Laboratory Zhejiang Regional Center  Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6994-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology, the Department of Criminal Science and Technology Zhejiang Police College  Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology, the Department of Criminal Science and Technology Zhejiang Police College  Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3095-3423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology, the Department of Criminal Science and Technology Zhejiang Police College  Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University  Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Criminal Science and Technology Public Security Bureau of Hangzhou  Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0403-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology, the Department of Criminal Science and Technology Zhejiang Police College  Hangzhou Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.14152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5AY00773A"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","article-title":"Zebrafish Larvae as a Behavioral Model in Neuropharmacology","volume":"7","author":"Basnet R. 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