{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T23:55:46Z","timestamp":1783641346306,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The diamondback moth,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Plutella\u2009xylostella<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (L.), is a major pest of cruciferous crops with a remarkable capacity to develop insecticide resistance. The present study evaluated the susceptibility, resistance ratios, and detoxification mechanisms of field populations collected from Andhra Pradesh, India, against tolfenpyrad 15 EC and emamectin benzoate 5 SG. Laboratory selection studies revealed declining LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values over successive generations reared without insecticide pressure, indicating partial recovery of susceptibility. Field bioassays showed resistance ratios ranging from 9.8 to 13.1 for tolfenpyrad and 5.3 to 10.2 for emamectin benzoate, with the Ponnur population exhibiting the highest resistance levels. Biochemical assays demonstrated that tolfenpyrad resistance was primarily associated with increased glutathione\u2010S\u2010transferase (GST) activity, while emamectin benzoate resistance was largely mediated by elevated carboxylesterase (CarE) activity, supported by moderate induction of mixed\u2010function oxidases (MFOs). Specifically, GST activity increased by 2.06\u2010fold and CarE activity by 1.90\u2010fold in resistant populations compared with the susceptible strain, confirming the role of detoxification enzymes in resistance development. These findings highlight distinct enzymatic pathways involved in insecticide resistance and emphasize the importance of regular resistance monitoring. Adoption of insecticide rotation with different modes of action, combined with non\u2010chemical pest management strategies, is recommended to prolong the efficacy of these insecticides in crucifer pest management programs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T03:49:05Z","timestamp":1765597745000},"page":"2400-2411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Insecticide Resistance and Associated Enzyme Activity in Field Populations of Diamondback Moth (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Plutella\u2009xylostella<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5571-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anusha","family":"Nitta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural College Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University  Bapatla Andhra Pradesh India"},{"name":"ICAR\u2010Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar  Hyderabad Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4829-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Boopathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR\u2010Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar  Hyderabad Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jawahar\u00a0Reddy","family":"Ankireddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural College Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University  Bapatla Andhra Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2009.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1840"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2005.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2006.03.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Cypermethrin Resistance and Its Detoxification Mechanism in the Diamondback Moth, \n                     Plutella\u2009xylostella","volume":"96","author":"Baek J. H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Insecticide Resistance and Biochemical Mechanisms of \n                     Plutella\u2009xylostella\n                   (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) From Korea","volume":"13","author":"Baek J. H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Asia\u2010Pacific Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003\u20102697(76)90527\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2017.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048\u20103575(86)90006\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1670675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010ento\u2010120811\u2010153605"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2013.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4452"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965\u20101748(00)00079\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC).2018. \u201cMethods:Plutella\u2009xylostellaLarvae Bioassay Protocol.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.irac\u2010online.org\/methods\/plutella\u2010xylostella\u2010larvae\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC).2024. \u201cMode of Action Classification Scheme.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.irac\u2010online.org\/modes\u2010of\u2010action\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03573"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340\u2010020\u201001266\u20100"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Biochemical Mechanisms of Resistance in \n                     Plutella\u2009xylostella\n                   (L.) to Emamectin Benzoate in Tamil Nadu","volume":"43","author":"Kishore R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Entomological Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Resistance Monitoring of Diamondback Moth (\n                     Plutella\u2009xylostella\n                   L.) to Newer Insecticides in Tamil Nadu","volume":"2","author":"Kishore R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439\u20100418.2005.00906.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2005.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2020.104644"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.51.110104.151104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toab211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/EC09129"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440\u20106055.2010.00767.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","volume-title":"Methods for Insect Bioassays","author":"Regupathy A.","year":"1990"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Baseline Susceptibility and Resistance Monitoring of \n                     Bemisia\u2009tabaci\n                   Populations Against Tolfenpyrad in West Bengal, India","volume":"31","author":"Roy S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesticide Research Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00300\u201008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","volume-title":"POLOPLUS, Version 2.0: Probit and Logit Analysis User's Guide","author":"Software L. 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