{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T09:08:39Z","timestamp":1780304919602,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pesticide sprayers are directly exposed to pesticides during their work. This cross\u2010sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of adverse health effects in relation to pesticide exposure and personal protective equipment (PPE) usage among agricultural sprayers in northeastern Thailand. Previous research has not established whether basic protective equipment adequately safeguards workers from developing adverse health effects. The 421 pesticide sprayers who met the inclusion criteria were interviewed face\u2010to\u2010face using a structured questionnaire. Most sprayers in this study were male (68.65%) with a mean age of 53.24\u2009years (SD\u2009=\u20099.86), and 48.46% of sprayers had serum cholinesterase activity in the high\u2010risk range. The prevalence of adverse symptoms was 37.53% (95% CI: 33.01\u201342.28). The most common symptoms were dizziness, nose irritation, and tachycardia at mild, moderate, and severe levels, respectively. Female sprayers, those cultivating certain crops, and users of hand\u2010operated knapsack sprayers had a higher risk of adverse symptoms than control. The use of protective footwear significantly lowered the risk of blurred vision (OR\u2009=\u20090.09; 95% CI: 0.02\u20130.38) among sprayers. The association between wearing recommended shoes and a diminished risk of blurred vision is rather a reflection of compliance and co\u2010variate protection. While most sprayers remained asymptomatic, the substantial adverse symptoms among female sprayers and knapsack users indicate inadequate protection under current safety protocols. These findings necessitate targeted, gender\u2010 and equipment\u2010specific interventions to reduce occupational health risks. The finding that wearing protective footwear was associated with a lower risk of blurred vision warrants further investigation to inform evidence\u2010based safety recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T01:24:39Z","timestamp":1766453079000},"page":"2544-2555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pesticide Poisoning Linked to PPE Usage Among Pesticide Sprayers in Northeastern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7481-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuthamas","family":"Chagkornburee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Public Health Program, Faculty of Public Health Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4190-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunisa","family":"Chaiklieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0128-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11080707"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Prevalence of Symptoms From Pesticide Exposure Among Agriculturists: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Chagkornburee C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Safety and Environment Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2025.2583407"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48048\/tis.2021.498"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12222"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2018.1470049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2023.114275"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5379619"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Occupational Health Risk Assessment on Pesticides Exposure Among Horticulture Farmers in the Upper Northeast Thailand","volume":"30","author":"Kaokajon K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the Office of DPC 7 Khon Kaen"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3084501"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118961"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.957774"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1075448"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics5040024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5278.165334"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.2019. \u201cAnnouncement of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Attached Documents of the Sprayer's Features Include Personal Protection Equipment and Safe Spraying Equipment [Internet].\u201d [cited 2024 Nov 11]. Available from:https:\/\/ratchakitcha.soc.go.th\/documents\/17077892.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health of Thailand. \u201cInformation About Using Cholinesterase Reactive Paper to Screen for Pesticide Exposure Risk.\u201d Bangkok Thailand (2017) 42 p."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-11.31.210908"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","article-title":"Determinants of Pesticide Safety Adherence Among Tomato Farmers in Kenya: Individual and Structural Factors for Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"7","author":"Ndirangu Z. W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Sustainability Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","unstructured":"Office of Agricultural Economics of Thailand.2023. \u201cUtilized Agricultural Area by Province in 2023 [Internet].\u201d 2023 [cited 2025 Nov 12]. 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