{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:47:43Z","timestamp":1772999263896,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a widely used flavor enhancer, has been associated with hepatotoxicity through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammatory activation, and disruption of autophagy. L\u2010Carnitine, recognized for its antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory effects, has been proposed as a potential therapeutic agent against liver injury. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatotoxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and the therapeutic potential of L\u2010carnitine in mitigating MSG\u2010induced liver injury, with emphasis on autophagy\u2010related pathways. Forty male offspring obtained from 12 pregnant Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098 per group): control, sham, MSG, L\u2010carnitine, and MSG\u2009+\u2009L\u2010carnitine. Neonatal rats received MSG (4\u2009g\/kg, s.c.) on postnatal days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, whereas L\u2010carnitine (200\u2009mg\/kg, i.p.) was administered between postnatal days 60\u201381. Biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. MSG exposure significantly increased serum ALT levels (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and caused marked histological alterations, including cytoplasmic vacuolization (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), eosinophilia (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), sinusoidal dilatation (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and fibrosis (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). [Correction added on 13 January 2026, after first online publication: The phrase \u201cAST (p&lt;0.001) and ALT (p&lt;0.001) levels\u201d has been revised to \u201cALT levels (p&lt;0.05)\u201d in the previous sentence.] Immunohistochemically, MSG reduced mTOR immunoreactivity by 4% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) while increasing ULK1 by 6% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and ATG13 by 3.5% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). L\u2010Carnitine treatment significantly decreased histological damage scores (vacuolization \u221228%, fibrosis \u221225%, all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), restored mTOR levels (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05 vs. control), and attenuated ULK1 and ATG13 overexpression (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). These findings demonstrate that L\u2010carnitine exerts a therapeutic effect against MSG\u2010induced hepatocellular injury by modulating oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and autophagy imbalance via the mTOR\u2013ULK1\u2013ATG13 pathway.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T01:19:36Z","timestamp":1766452776000},"page":"1361-1371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monosodium Glutamate Exposure and Liver Damage: Modulatory Effects of L\u2010Carnitine on Inflammation and Autophagy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Kubra\u00a0Tu\u011fce","family":"Kalkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine K\u0131rsehir Ahi Evran University  K\u0131r\u015fehir Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferhat","family":"Pektas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine K\u0131rsehir Ahi Evran University  K\u0131r\u015fehir Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on the Body System","volume":"44","author":"Adeleke D. 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