{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:47:45Z","timestamp":1772999265985,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023316","name":"Kapadokya \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K\u00dcN.2025\u2010BAGP\u2010005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\u00dcN.2025\u2010BAGP\u2010005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Maternal immune activation during pregnancy has been shown to disrupt maternal glucose regulation, predisposing the mother to postpartum diabetic conditions while also exerting long\u2010lasting metabolic effects on the offspring. This study aimed to investigate the impact of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)\u2010induced maternal immune activation on glucose homeostasis at different postpartum stages, the modulatory role of N\u2010acetylcysteine (NAC), and the effects on the offspring, including sex\u2010specific differences. Albino Wistar female and male rats were used; pregnant females received a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (0.5\u2009mg\/kg) on gestational day 16, with a subset pretreated with NAC (300\u2009mg\/kg). Mothers were sacrificed at the end of gestation or on postpartum day 21 (PP21), and offspring were analyzed at PP21. Maternal glucose tolerance was assessed using OGTT, and HOMA\u2010IR and HOMA\u2010\u03b2 indices were used to determine insulin resistance and \u03b2\u2010cell function. Maternal and offspring tissues were analyzed for key markers of signaling, autophagy, proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Phosphorylated protein kinase B (p\u2010Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Ki\u201067 (a proliferation marker), phosphorylated AMP\u2010activated protein kinase (p\u2010AMPK), Beclin\u20101, and microtubule\u2010associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B) were measured in tissue homogenates; pancreatic insulin and pro\u2010insulin levels were determined; plasma cytokines, including interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), interleukin\u201010 (IL\u201010), tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1), and interferon\u2010gamma (IFN\u2010\u03b3), as well as cleaved caspase\u20103. All of them were quantified using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured in plasma using colorimetric assays. At PP0, LPS decreased muscle glucose uptake, increased hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose output, and enhanced pancreatic insulin production, autophagy, apoptosis, and proliferation while maintaining plasma glucose levels, indicating an adaptive response. NAC improved muscle glucose uptake, suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis, and normalized pancreatic changes. At PP21, LPS exposure led to increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, impaired pancreatic function, and higher plasma glucose levels. NAC reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis but did not restore glucose balance and worsened pancreatic dysfunction. In offspring of LPS\u2010treated dams, IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and IFN\u2010\u03b3 levels decreased, whereas IL\u201010 increased only in females. Markers of pancreatic apoptosis, autophagy, and proliferation were reduced in both sexes. NAC exposure decreased IL\u201010 and increased IL\u20106, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and IFN\u2010\u03b3 in all offspring and selectively enhanced pancreatic markers in males. Maternal LPS exposure differentially affected glucose regulation through the muscle, liver, and pancreas across postpartum stages. NAC exerted beneficial effects mainly in the early postpartum period but was insufficient later. Furthermore, NAC induced sex\u2010specific effects in the offspring, with a more substantial impact observed in males.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:25:17Z","timestamp":1768443917000},"page":"1372-1388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Immune Activation Disrupts Autophagy and Glucose Homeostasis: Experimental Evidence for the Protective Effects of N\u2010Acetylcysteine on Maternal and Offspring Outcomes in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Af\u015far","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry Cappadocia University  Nev\u015fehir 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