{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T17:54:02Z","timestamp":1785779642331,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Notch signaling pathway modulates immune function by regulating T cell development, differentiation, and function. Previous studies from our group have demonstrated that maternal exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) during pregnancy alters T cell frequencies in offspring. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms, we examined the impact of prenatal SEB exposure on the Notch signaling pathway, a critical regulator of thymic T cell maturation. In this study, pregnant rats were injected with 15\u2009\u03bcg SEB on gestational day 16. Thymus tissues were aseptically collected from 14\u2010day\u2010old and 3\u2010month\u2010old offspring in both the PBS and SEB\u2010exposed groups. The expression of Notch pathway components\u2014including receptors, ligands, and downstream target genes\u2014was assessed using real\u2010time PCR and western blot. It was found that prenatal SEB exposure significantly downregulated mRNA and protein levels of Notch receptors and target genes in thymic T lymphocytes in neonatal offspring. Additionally, ligand expression was reduced in thymic stromal cells. Strikingly, this suppression was reversed in adulthood, with SEB\u2010exposed offspring exhibiting elevated expression of Notch receptors, ligands, and target genes. These results indicate that prenatal SEB exposure transiently inhibits Notch signaling in neonatal thymocytes but leads to a compensatory upregulation in adulthood. This biphasic modulation suggests that prenatal SEB exposure can induce long\u2010term, dynamic reprogramming of thymic Notch signaling, with potential implications for T cell\u2010mediated immunity across developmental stages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:23:07Z","timestamp":1770942187000},"page":"3057-3065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prenatal SEB Exposure Triggers Biphasic Notch Signaling Modulation in Offspring Thymus From Neonatal Suppression to Adult Activation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6182-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu\u2010xian","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Bengbu Medical University  Bengbu Anhui China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology Bengbu Medical University  Bengbu Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao\u2010ao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Bengbu Medical University  Bengbu Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010ting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Bengbu Medical University  Bengbu Anhui China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory 80th Group Army Hospital of People's Liberation Army  Weifang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia\u2010bao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Bengbu Medical University  Bengbu Anhui China"},{"name":"Bengbu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Bengbu Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin\u2010xing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Bengbu Medical University  Bengbu Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Bengbu Medical University  Bengbu Anhui China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology Bengbu Medical University  Bengbu Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun\u2010chang","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity Bengbu Medical University  Bengbu Anhui China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology Bengbu Medical University  Bengbu Anhui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13100677"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074\u20107613(00)00009\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/11.7.1017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001152"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010020\u201000426\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15060400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890\u2010200101150\u201000019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105907"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.03.241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065\u20102776(08)60534\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.11.1343"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.2.747"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2015.0017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1442"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060849"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2082177"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2004.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074\u20107613(00)80054\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00005.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00104\u201012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102004\u201001\u20100204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/85294"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.082438\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392\u2010022\u201000934\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104225"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.70101","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jat.70101","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jat.70101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T17:16:40Z","timestamp":1785777400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jat.70101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jat.70101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.70101","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-437X","1099-1263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-437X","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}