{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T21:47:43Z","timestamp":1788904063806,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epirubicin (EPI) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent; however, its clinical utility is limited by severe side effects, particularly the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among these, cardiotoxicity is one of the most critical issues, and it is worsened by impaired hepatic clearance resulting from liver dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate molecular changes induced by EPI in the liver within the kynurenine pathway (KP), their possible contribution to cardiotoxicity, and the protective effects of N\u2010acetylcysteine (NAC). Rats received intraperitoneal injections of 50 or 300\u2009mg\/kg NAC, followed 1\u2009h later by 9.6\u2009mg\/kg EPI. Tryptophan (Trp), kynurenine (Kyn), kynurenic acid (KYNA), quinolinic acid (QA), kynureninase, and kynurenine 3\u2010monooxygenase (KMO) levels in the liver and cleaved caspase\u20103 levels in the liver and heart tissue were measured using ELISA. Hepatic and cardiac total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) were determined using a colorimetric method. Plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase\u2013MB isoenzyme (CK\u2010MB), high\u2010density lipoprotein (HDL), low\u2010density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (T\u2010chol), and triglyceride (TG) were analyzed with a clinical biochemistry analyzer. Cardiac morphology was examined using hematoxylin\u2013eosin staining. EPI administration was associated with increases in plasma CK\u2010MB, the AST\/ALT ratio, LDL, T\u2010chol, and TG, with these increases partially attenuated by NAC treatment. Hepatic levels of Trp, QA, and KMO were positively correlated with plasma CK\u2010MB and the AST\/ALT ratio. Additionally, EPI appeared to increase oxidative stress in heart tissue and induce morphological changes. At the same time, NAC treatment was associated with partial improvement in these parameters, suggesting that alterations in the hepatic KP may be linked to possible cardiac involvement. Our findings suggest that EPI\u2010induced alterations in hepatic KP may impair hepatic clearance, and NAC administration may provide partial protection, warranting further investigation of a possible hepato\u2010cardiac interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T01:45:11Z","timestamp":1771638311000},"page":"3244-3256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hepato\u2010Cardiac Axis in Epirubicin Toxicity: Role of Kynurenine Pathway and N\u2010Acetylcysteine Antioxidant Intervention"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Af\u015far","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry Cappadocia University  Nev\u015fehir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"\u00d6z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Aksaray University  Aksaray Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9557-8523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I\u015f\u0131l","family":"Eran\u0131l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Cappadocia Vocational School Cappadocia University  Nev\u015fehir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3328"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1194769"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2025.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2016.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08454"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.07.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Serum Metabolomic Analysis of Chronic Drug\u2010Induced Liver Injury With or Without Cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Chen S. 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