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Twenty\u2010five composite dust samples were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Cu, and Zn using ICP\u2010OES. Industrial areas exhibited the highest metal concentrations, particularly Pb and Cd, followed by traffic and residential zones. Health risk assessment revealed that ingestion was the dominant exposure pathway (&gt;\u200995%), and children experienced approximately 2.5\u2010fold higher total chronic daily intake (CDI_total) than adults. Noncarcinogenic risk analysis indicated that chromium was the dominant contributor to the hazard quotient (HQ), followed by arsenic and lead, with the highest cumulative hazard index observed for children in industrial areas (HI\u2009=\u20090.670). Carcinogenic risk assessment showed that the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for children exceeded the acceptable threshold (1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) in industrial areas, with total cancer risk reaching 3.96\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    . These findings highlight significant dust\u2010mediated health risks, particularly for children, and underscore the need for targeted emission control and public health interventions in rapidly urbanizing cities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:07:21Z","timestamp":1772989641000},"page":"3288-3300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multipathway Assessment of Heavy Metal Exposure in Urban Dust: Linking Ecological and Human Health Risks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3561-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muzhda\u00a0Q.","family":"Qader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Hawler Medical University  Erbil Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwatoyin\u00a0Seun","family":"Ayanlade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Institute for Science Policy and Innovation Obafemi Awolowo University  Ile\u2010Ife Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PhilIip\u00a0Olalekan","family":"Ayoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Institute for Science Policy and Innovation Obafemi Awolowo University  Ile\u2010Ife Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiwan\u00a0K.","family":"Fatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Petroleum\u2010College of Science Salahaddin University\u2010Erbil  Erbil Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1774-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac\u00a0A.","family":"Oluwatimilehin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography Obafemi Awolowo University  Ile\u2010Ife Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Geography University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5419-5980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayansina","family":"Ayanlade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography Obafemi Awolowo University  Ile\u2010Ife Nigeria"},{"name":"Open Society Hub for the Politics of the Anthropocene (OHPA) Central European University  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-023-00548-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661\u201010007\u201019678\u201010662"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653\u201010019\u201000324\u201010654"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2013.41008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46717\/igj.54.2A.6Ms\u20102021\u201007\u201027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21209-3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.1001.1054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16156550"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teac.2022.e00169"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12912\/27197050\/183723"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxic Heavy Metals in Soil and Some Plants in Baghdad, Iraq","volume":"15","author":"Habib H. 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