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The present study examined the acute and subchronic effects of sublethal and environmentally relevant concentrations of galaxolide on hepatic mitochondrial function in the freshwater fish,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Oreochromis mossambicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . The 96\u2010h median lethal concentration (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u201096\u2009h) of galaxolide in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. mossambicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    was determined to be 5.5\u2009mg\/L. Subsequently, fish were exposed to a sublethal concentration (550\u2009\u03bcg\/L; 1\/10th of LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and an environmentally relevant concentration (198\u2009ng\/L) for 1, 4, and 7\u2009days (short\u2010term exposure) and 15, 30, and 60\u2009days (long\u2010term exposure), alongside unexposed controls. Galaxolide exposure significantly altered the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase, along with a decline in total antioxidant capacity, indicating an impaired ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Concomitantly, elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyls indicated the induction of oxidative stress. Besides, increases in nitrite, nitrate, nitric oxide, and 3\u2010nitrotyrosine levels demonstrated nitrative stress. Histopathological examination of liver tissues revealed severe hepatic lesions, including cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear elongation, and vacuolar degeneration. Oxido\u2010nitrative stress responses occurred simultaneously throughout the exposure period, and the resulting redox imbalance contributed to mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocellular injury in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. mossambicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , underscoring the need for stringent regulation of galaxolide usage and its environmental release.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:18:16Z","timestamp":1773004696000},"page":"3690-3702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Galaxolide, a Synthetic Musk, Disrupts Hepatic Mitochondrial Redox Balance in Mozambique Tilapia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0896-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pootheri","family":"Maneesha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology University of Calicut  Malappuram District Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5090-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumari\u00a0Chidambaran","family":"Chitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology University of Calicut  Malappuram District Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.02.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation","author":"APHA","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15534"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244\u2010017\u20100484\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166\u2010445X(02)00159\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021\u20109258(19)41206\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics2020093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471140864.ps1413s69"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"S300","article-title":"Methods for Estimating Lipid Peroxidation: An Analysis of Merits and Demerits","volume":"40","author":"Devasagayam T. 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