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Pb and Cd can encounter humans through both dietary and environmental pathways. Despite extensive research on individual metals, the integrated mechanisms of mixed Pb\u2013Cd exposure remain poorly understood, especially under chronic low\u2010dose conditions representative of a real\u2010world scenario. Hence, the present review focuses on the acute effects of Pb and Cd on human disease, intracellular dynamics, their distinct toxicity pathways, and their detection techniques. While Pb interferes with calcium\u2010dependent signaling and mitochondrial function via impersonation of Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and altered redox homeostasis, Cd preferably displaces Zn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    from metalloproteins, associates intracellularly with metallothionein and, consequently, induces long\u2010lasting oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Toxicity pathways for both metals converge toward key nodes of cellular dysfunction, including overproduction of reactive oxygen species, disturbance in the MAPK\/NF\u2010\u03baB cascade, and impaired DNA repair. Further, in addition to apoptosis, heavy metals disrupt cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, growth, and damage repair. The study further contextualizes the molecular perturbations within the food chain as an exposure vector, showing how staple foods like cereals, vegetables, and seafood uniformly contribute to cumulative Pb and Cd intake across populations. This integrated exposure\u2010toxicity paradigm underlines growing risks associated with chronic, low\u2010dose, mixed\u2010metal exposure. Despite the current understanding of the toxicology of heavy metals, their prevalence is still significant and necessitates a regulatory framework.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:55:23Z","timestamp":1773906923000},"page":"2224-2249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Lead and Cadmium Induced Toxicity Under Prolonged Low\u2010Dose Exposure: Food Chain Driven Source, Molecular Mechanisms, Signaling Cascade, and Health Implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Saikat","family":"Mazumder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University of Engineering and Management  Kolkata West Bengal India"},{"name":"Department of Food Technology Guru Nanak Institute of Technology  Kolkata West 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