{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:16:49Z","timestamp":1792156609123,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Applied Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nanoplastics are emerging contaminants of concern in freshwater ecosystems and have been shown to be ingested and assimilated in fish gill tissues. Understanding the interactions of nanoplastics in fish gill cells and how these interactions influence bioenergetics is essential. In particular, the mitochondria are vulnerable due to their critical role in energy production, lipid metabolism, redox regulation, apoptosis, and much more. Surface charge is a key determinant in nano\u2010bio interactions, mediating mechanisms of toxicity by influencing uptake and subsequent subcellular organelle responses. In our previous study, we found a possible mode of action governing the phenotypic response in positively charged nanoparticles specific to the mitochondria. In this study, we investigated the bioenergetic and morphological effects of surface functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs)\u2014amine\u2010functionalized (PS\u2010NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and carboxyl\u2010modified (PS\u2010COOH) PS NPs\u2014in rainbow trout gill epithelia (RTgill\u2010W1). Using the Seahorse XF Mito Stress Test and high\u2010content imaging, we demonstrated that PS\u2010NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs, which are positively charged, caused dose\u2010dependent declines in basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates (OCRs), increased proton leak, and reduced ATP\u2010linked respiration, indicating disruption of mitochondrial respiration. Conversely, PS\u2010COOH NPs exhibited minimal effects on mitochondrial function. Extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) analysis revealed impaired glycolytic compensation in sublethal PS\u2010NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010treated cells. Phenotypic profiling demonstrated that morphological data distinguished treatment groups by distinct clusters based on similarity and revealed a more comprehensive understanding of nano\u2010induced cellular stress than bioenergetics measurements alone. Future nanotoxicological studies should implement multiparametric approaches to expand beyond traditional endpoints, including the use of other environmentally relevant nanoplastics in aquatic organisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T01:15:44Z","timestamp":1775610944000},"page":"4160-4174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functionalized Polystyrene Nanoplastics Drive Distinct Mitochondrial Bioenergetic and Phenotypic Responses in Rainbow Trout Gill Epithelia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2324-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lissett\u00a0G.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Freshwater Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Klaper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Freshwater Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12010\u2010025\u201005236\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TIBS.2017.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.134947"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2021.1874562"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c07198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ECOENV.2023.114574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AQREP.2022.101423"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.WROA.2023.100169"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12951\u2010022\u201001321\u2010Z\/FIGURES\/5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CELLS8080795"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EN01149J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/MBC.E19\u201008\u20100436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ES1034188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/EMBJ.201695916"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41565\u2010021\u201000886\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Hackley V. 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