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The development of resistance to transgenic Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab in India has led to long\u2010term reliance on insecticides, thus enables the larvae to experience sublethal effects due to its concealed feeding behavior. This study investigated the impact of sublethal concentrations (LC\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    and LC\n                    <jats:sub>30<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, and spinosad on\n                    <jats:italic>P. gossypiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The results showed that emamectin benzoate was more toxic to\n                    <jats:italic>P. gossypiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u20102.12\u2009mgL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) than spinetoram (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u20103.52\u2009mgL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and spinosad (LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u20107.44\u2009mgL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). The developmental time and adult preoviposition period (APOP) were extended, while fecundity, egg hatchability, and ovipositional days were reduced at sublethal concentrations in treated populations than the control group. Among treated insecticides, mean fecundity of\n                    <jats:italic>P. gossypiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    was significantly reduced in emamectin benzoate LC\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    (91.03\u2009\u00b1\u20093.87\/female) and LC\n                    <jats:sub>30<\/jats:sub>\n                    (62.89\u2009\u00b1\u20093.22\/female) treated population than spinetoram and spinosad. Further, the biological parameters including the intrinsic rate of increase (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), finite rate of increase (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and net reproductive rate (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were also significantly decreased in the treated population as compared with untreated insects. Our results indicated that emamectin benzoate was effective against\n                    <jats:italic>P. gossypiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    and highlighted the importance of sublethal effects of insecticides on target insects to ensure the comprehensive evaluation and rational use of insecticides under field conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.70173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:35:07Z","timestamp":1773905707000},"page":"4000-4010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Three Novel Insecticides on Biological Parameters of Pink Bollworm,\n                    <i>Pectinophora gossypiella<\/i>\n                    (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1657-4087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadagavadi\u00a0Nagaraju","family":"Madhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR \u2013 Central Institute for Cotton Research  Nagpur Maharashtra India"},{"name":"ICAR \u2013 Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station  Vittal Karnataka India"},{"name":"Department of Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamanur","family":"Muralimohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vakudavth\u00a0Chinnababu","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR \u2013 Central Institute for Cotton Research  Nagpur Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manikyanahalli\u00a0Chandrashekara","family":"Keerthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR \u2013 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6895-9002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tenguri","family":"Prabhulinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR \u2013 National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadanakuppe\u00a0Thammaiah","family":"Shivakumara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR \u2013 National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources  Bengaluru Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-28183-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265a"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/EAJBSF.2021.223216"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toy389"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42397\u2010023\u201000163\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","unstructured":"CABI (Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International).2022. \u201cPectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm).\u201d London: CABI; 2022. 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